Leaky Gut Powder

The Eclectic Materia Medica, Pharmacology and Therapeutics Written by Harvey Wickes Felter, M.D. 1922 - Marshmallow Root

Botanical name: Althaea officinalis The decorticated dried root of Althaea officinalis, Linné (Nat. Ord. Malvaceae), a plant of salt marshes, river banks, and moist, sandy soils. Europe, Asia, Australia, and Eastern United States. Common Name: Marshmallow. Principal Constituents.—Mucilage, starch, pectin, and asparagin, an odorless and colorless crystallizable body identical with althein and agedolite, found also in many other plants. Preparations.—1. Infusum Althaeae. Infusion of Althaea. Dose, Freely. 2. Decoctum Althaeae. Decoction of Althaea. Dose, Freely. 3. Syrupus Althaaeae. Syrup of Althaea. Dose, 1 fluidounce to 4 fluidounces. Therapy.—External. A soothing application to inflamed surfaces; and may be used as an injection for dysentery, acute vaginitis, and the acute stage of gonorrhea. A favorite gargle for irritated throat. Applied upon a compress, it is reputed to be comforting to painful piles. Internal. An excellent lenitive and demulcent diuretic employed to soothe irritated and inflamed mucous surfaces, in hoarseness, cough due to faucial irritation, gastro-intestinal irritation and inflammation, and as a soothing drink in vesical and renal irritation and inflammation, acute cystitis, strangury and gravel. If the mucilage chiefly is desired, an infusion should be prepared with cold water; if starch, with some mucilage is needed, a decoction. It may be given freely. A syrup of marshmallow is a good vehicle for pectoral medication.

King's American Dispensatory By Harvey Wickes Felter and John Uri Lloyd 1898 - Licorice

ILLUSTRATION: Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, 74. Botanical Source.—The liquorice-plant has a perennial, cylindrical root, running to a considerable length, and depth, grayish-brown externally, yellow internally, succulent, tough, flexible, rapid in growth, and provided with scat tered fibers. The stems are erect, herbaceous, smooth, striated, with few branches, of a dull, glaucous-gray color, growing 2 or 3 feet in height. The leaves are alter nate and unequally pinnate; the leaflets generally about 13, oval, entire, obtuse, slightly emarginate, viscid, and 1 terminal; the stipules are inconspicuous. The flowers are small, bluish or purplish, in axillary, erect Spikes, shorter than the leaves, and borne on long peduncles. Calyx persistent, tubular, bilabiate, and 5-cleft. The corolla is a straight, ovate-lanceolate vexillum; the keel is biparted, acute and straight. Stamens diadelphous; anthers simple and rounded; style filiform; and stigma blunt. The legumes are oblong, compressed, 1-celled, and 1 to 4-seeded; the seeds are small and reniform (L.-Wi.). The variety glandulifera differs in not being smooth like the preceding, but in partaking more or less of a pubescent character, the leaves (beneath) and stem being glandular-pubescent, while the pods are glandular and prickly. History.—This plant inhabits southern Europe, and some parts of Asia, and is cultivated in England, Germany, France, and in the United States to some ex IFig. 122 tent. The so-called Russian liquorice (that produced by the £. 12428. variety glandulifera) grows from Hungary and Turkey into ºr ſº western Asia. Liquorice root is imported chiefly from Spain and Sicily. Commercially considered there are 5 grades, viz.: Italian, the best and sweetest, Spanish or Common liquorice root, Syrian, Turkish and Russian, the bitterest. These grades are preferred in the order named. Description.—“In long, cylindrical pieces, from 5 to 25 Mm. (; to 1 inch) thick, longitudinally wrinkled, externally grayish-brown, warty; internally tawny-yellow; pliable, tough; fracture coarsely fibrous; bark rather thick; wood por ous, but dense, in narrow wedges; medullary rays linear; taste sweet, somewhat acrid. The underground stem, which is often present, has the same appearance, but contains a thin pith. The drug derived from the variety glandulifera (so-called Russian liquorice) consists usually of roots and root branches, 1 to 4 Cn. (# to 1 inch) thick, 15 to 30 Cn. (6 to 12 inches) long, fre quently deprived of the corky layer, the wood rather soft, and usually more or less cleft "-(U. S. P.). Liquorice root has a faint odor and is so dense as to sink in water. It must be kept in a dry place. Those roots are to be preferred which are not worm-eaten or decayed, and whose surfaces of fracture are bright yellow. Chemical Composition.—The characteristic constituent of the root is glycyr thizin, so named by Robiquet (1809) on account of its sweet taste. There are furthernmore present, fatty and resinous matter (0.8 per cent), small amounts of gum, albuminous substances, tannin, starch, yellow coloring matter, a bitter prin ciple (glycyramarin), and asparagin (Plisson, 1828), a substance already recognized by Robiquet, who named it agédoite. Sestini (1878) found from 2 to 4 per cent of this principle present in liquorice root. Glycyrrhiza glabra. GLYCYBRHIZA. 947 Glycyrrhizin was obtained by Gorup-Besanez by making a cold infusion of the root, and heating the solution to boiling, filtering, evaporating to a smaller bulk, and precipitating with sulphuric acid. The yellow flakes thus obtained are washed with water and further purified by means of ether-alcohol (Husemann and Hilger). Z. Roussin (1875) and Habermann (1879) showed that the sweet principle, glycyrrhizin, is the acid ammonium salt of a peculiar nitrogenous tri basic acid, called glycyrrhizic acid (often termed glycyrrhizin), to which Haber mann assigned the formula C, H, NOls. The acid potassium Salt of this acid is remarkable for its intensely sweet taste. The free acid, prepared from the lead salt, forms a brown, gelatinous mass, soluble in hot water, and having a bitter sweet taste and acid reaction. It decomposes carbonates, swells up in cold water, is easily soluble in glacial acetic acid, but not in alcohol or ether. Habermann (1880) found that by boiling with diluted sulphuric acid, it splits into glycyrretin (C, H, NO.), a white, tasteless powder, insoluble in water, alkali and ether, soluble in alcohol; and parasaccharic acid (C, H, Os), which reduces Fehling's solution. Gorup-Besanez believed that dextrose was formed in this reaction. Habermann obtained the acid ammonium glycyrrhizinate (glycyrrhizin proper) by crystallizing the commercial liquorice extract from glacial acetic acid, and subse quent recrystallization. In the purest state it forms yellow crystals of sweet taste, little soluble in cold water. When dissolved in hot water and then cooled, a stiff jelly is formed. This salt is hardly soluble in alcohol or ether. The amount of glycyrrhizic acid contained in liquorice root is varying. Sestini (1878) obtained 3.3 per cent from air-dried root; H. J. Möller, in 1880, obtained 7.5 per cent from Russian root (Flückiger, 1891). Mr. L. McCullough (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 1890, p. 389), found 7.18 per cent. In commercial liquorice extract glycyrrhizin was found by Kremel (Archiv der Pharm., 1889, p. 511) to vary from 5.8 to 11.9 per cent. Peltz (Pharm. Zschr. f. Russland, 1876, p. 257) records the results of 10 analyses of com mercial extracts of liquorice root. Glycyrrhizin was found to vary from 1.33 to 18.14 per cent, starch from 1.33 to 35 per cent. Sestini (1878) found water, 48.7; glycyrrhizin, 3.27; carbohydrates, 29.62; asparagin, 1.25; ash, 2.08. (For methods of valuation of commercial liquorice extracts, see Flückiger, Pharmacognosie, 3d ed., 1891, and Alfred Mellor, Amer. Jour. Pharm., 1898, p. 136.) Glycyrrhizin is stated (Flückiger) to occur in other plants, e.g., Abrus precatorius (Berzelius), Astragalus glycyphyllos, Polypodium vulgare (Guignet, 1885), Myrrh is odorata (Schroeder, 1885), Gulielma speciosa, Martius, and Momcsia bark (Peckolt, Pharm. Rundschau, 1888, pp. 31, 203, 206), but these statements, according to Flückiger, require verification. Action, Medical Uses, and Dosage.—Liquorice root is emollient, demul cent, and nutritive. It acts upon mucous surfaces, lessening irritation, and is Consequently useful in coughs, catarrhs, irritation of the wrimary organs, and pain of the intestines in diarrhoea. It is commonly administered in decoction, sometimes alone, at other times with the addition of other agents, and which is the prefer able mode of using it. As a general rule, the acrid bark should be removed pre vious to forming a decoction. When boiled for some time the water becomes impregnated with its acrid resin ; hence, in preparing a decoction for the purpose of sweetening diet drinks, or covering the taste of nauseous drugs, it should not be boiled over 5 minutes. The efficiency of the root in old bronchial affections may be due to this acrid resin. The powdered root is also employed to give the proper solidity to pills, and to prevent their adhesion; the extract for imparting the proper viscidity to them. The extract, in the form of lozenge, held in the mouth until it has dissolved, is a very popular and efficient remedy in coughs and pectora! (ſections. An excellent troche or lozenge, very useful in ordinary cough, may be |Made by combining together 6 parts of refined liquorice, 2 parts of benzoic acid, # parts of pulverized alum, and a part of pulverized opium. Dissolve the liquor lcº in Water, and evaporate to the proper consistence, then add the powders with a few drops of oil of anise, and divide it into 3 or 6-grain lozenges. The bitter ness of quinine, quassia, aloes, and the acrid taste of Senega, guaiacum, mezereon and ammonium chloride are masked by liquorice.

The Eclectic Materia Medica, Pharmacology and Therapeutics Written by Harvey Wickes Felter, M.D. 1922 - Plantain

Botanical name: Plantago major The whole plant of Plantago major, Linné (Nat. Ord. Plantaginaceae). A very common weed everywhere, especially in lawns and along roadsides, growing in rich soils. Common Names: Plantain, Rib Grass, Ribwort. Principal Constituents.—Resin, and citric and oxalic acids. Preparation.—Specific Medicine Plantago. Dose, 1 to 60 drops. Action and Therapy.—External. The crushed leaves very promptly relieve the distressing symptoms caused by punctures from the horny appendages of larvae of lepidoptera and the irritation produced by certain caterpillars, as well as the stings of insects and bites of spiders. The promptness with which it relieves the burning pain of wounds caused by the first named and dissipates the rapidly spreading erythema, as we have personally experienced, leads us to believe it may be of value in erysipelas, and should be tried when that disease occurs in the summer season when the fresh plant can be obtained. The alcoholic preparations have been advised as topical applications in toothache, when due to a sensitive pulp, and in earache. Internal. Plantago is reputed useful in bed wetting in children, due to relaxation of the vesical sphincter, with copious discharge of pale urine.