Transform Your Life With This Simple Dietary Addition…Nettles

Hello all,

Dr. Brandon Rose here.
Not, I guess, the doctor with the monosyllabic last name you’re accustomed to hearing from, yet here we are. I’m here to talk to you about diet, metabolic syndrome, and ultimately a plant that doesn’t seem to get a fair shake in the modern world. But first, I’d better give you a little insight into who I am, since this is the first time you’ll be hearing of or from me.


I’m a researcher with a PhD in physiology and developmental biology with expertise in the interactions of osteoarthritis and diet. At the time of writing, I’m working in a genetics lab at the University of Utah identifying genetic contributors to osteoarthritis and tying those blessed little nuggets of information in with my more metabolic-leaning interests.

Oh, I also work for The Homegrown Herbalist School of Botanical Medicine.


Now that you have a deep and thorough understanding of me as a researcher, it’s time to get personal. You see, at the beginning of my career, I was desperate to keep myself aloof from the field of human dietetics. I studied osteoarthritis caused by metabolic disease in rats but hated the idea of becoming embroiled in the controversies surrounding human nutrition.  So, I kept my head down, poked food into rats, ruled out disease mechanisms and discovered interventions and let the nutritionists strangle each other while I happily published my findings. Retrospectively, this seems absolutely ridiculous–if my work is to have relevance in humans, it makes sense that I would need to know, oh, I don’t know, something about human dietetics.  The time arrived where I could no longer allow my aversion to the prospect of contention hold my research back and I dove headfirst into the subject of honest-to-goodness human nutrition.  Turns out I had been wrong about a lot of things, right about some things, and, most importantly to me, not doing entirely right by myself when it came to what I eat. I wasn’t eating terribly per se, but there was a divide between the way I was eating and the way I should have been eating.

This, of course, was not a good feeling. My learning laid bare just how much my tiptoeing around had cost me by way of actionable information, and for someone who believes the best use of knowledge is to become what you know to be true, my self-imposed ignorance had stood in the way of my becoming what I should have been. The truth stung. I was faced with the decision to either wallow in this realization or buck up, be better and make some changes. I chose to do the latter. For lunch, I walked down to the hospital cafeteria, abstained from my usual wrap or sushi rolls (given my crippling sushi addiction this required a positively herculean effort), and grabbed a respectably sized arugula salad, chopped fruit, and raw cashews.

There was no preparing me for how differently I felt shortly after finishing my meal.

My mind was clearer than it had been in years.
My body was invigorated.
My resolve to continue on this path was set.

It was as though my body was screaming “Yes! This is what I’ve been wanting you to give me!” I felt amazing. One thing I was sure about…I was never going to go back to my previous way of eating. At the time of writing this, I’m three months in. A host of small aches and pains that I had been experiencing for so long they barely registered as abnormal are gone. I don’t need to pop Benadryl to sleep at night. My gains at the gym have skyrocketed, and for those of you wondering about the number on the scale, I have lost 20 lbs. I’ve made quite a few changes to my diet since then, but in my mind, the biggest and most important change was to make my diet about 90% vegetables.

My newfound enthusiasm for that food group is something I’ve tried to tie into my work at Homegrown. Recently, I was asked to do some research on the weed Urtica dioica, best known as stinging nettle. As I did so, I came across a fascinating article looking at the effect of stinging nettle leaf extract on the nutrient absorption of cells 1,2. When this extract was applied to these cells, two effects were noted: first, the enzymes that the cells use to digest paired sugars (disaccharides) were inhibited.  Our bodies can’t absorb these sugars intact; they have to be broken down by the enzymes 3.  If the enzymes aren’t working well, you won’t be bringing many of those sugars into the body.  Second, the extract reduced glucose uptake by the cells 4.  So even if there are absorbable sugars available, they weren’t getting absorbed as well.  Assuming that what is going on with these cells is similar to what is going on in our own bodies, it may be that taking stinging nettle can keep our blood sugar and insulin from spiking and help decrease the problems that come with that.
Like many others, I’m a huge fan of Hippocrates’ statement “Let thy food be thy medicine and thy medicine be thy food.”  My enthusiasm for stinging nettle was increased when I learned it is regarded as a leafy green vegetable 5, because, you know, as far as I am concerned, vegetables have saved my health.  So I asked myself, had I come across a food that had the potential to act as a medicine in addition to being nutritious?

Turns out the answer is yes.

One study took a look at prediabetic mice, adding stinging nettle powder to their diet.  The stinging nettle powder reduced weight gain, lowered fasting blood glucose, improved insulin resistance, and decreased the deposition of fat in the liver, thus decreasing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 6. In other mouse studies with high blood sugar, it was suggested that stinging nettle extract could help correct decreases in cognitive function7 and symptoms of anxiety and depression 8.  A human clinical trial found that stinging nettle extract lowered blood sugar and serum triglycerides, and offered several other benefits 9.  Lastly, one study suggested that stinging nettle and exercise paired well together 10.  So as a part of a lifestyle intervention, can stinging nettle help correct the metabolic issues like obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?  I think it’s possible and absolutely worth a shot. 

So how do you take it? Well, unless you are Tom Selleck levels of tough, fresh stinging nettle is off the table. If you are hell-bent on growing your own, drying the plant will neutralize the sting and make it edible11.  Once you have the dried vegetable, I personally would take it powdered–blended into a smoothie, mixed with water, however you like.  I am of the opinion that foods in their entirety are going to be most beneficial.  That said, the tincture-like extract used in some of these studies still had an effect, and if powders aren’t your thing I think a tincture would work fine.  Remember always, however, to clear the decision to take stinging nettle with your healthcare provider and be mindful of the possibility of herb-drug interactions.

In conclusion, stinging nettle is a leafy green vegetable with wonderful therapeutic potential, and just one of many medicinal foods we teach about at the HomeGrown Herbalist School of Botanical Medicine.  In fact, we’re in the process of writing an in-depth monograph on stinging nettle where we dive a lot deeper into the science that I’ve only touched on here and discuss further medicinal uses and other potential benefits.

Do you have questions about stinging nettle?  Or have you had success using it?  Either way, leave a comment below; we’d love to hear from you.

-Dr. Brandon Rose



Citations
 
1–Angelis, I. D., & Turco, L. (2011). Caco-2 cells as a model for intestinal absorption. Current protocols in toxicology, Chapter 20, Unit 20.6. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471140856.tx2006s47

2–Peterson, M. D., & Mooseker, M. S. (1992). Characterization of the enterocyte-like brush border cytoskeleton of the C2BBe clones of the human intestinal cell line, Caco-2. Journal of cell science, 102 ( Pt 3), 581–600. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.102.3.581

3–Burke M. Carbohydrate Intolerance and Disaccharidase Measurement - a Mini-Review. Clin Biochem Rev. 2019 Nov;40(4):167-174. doi: 10.33176/AACB-19-00025. PMID: 31857738; PMCID: PMC6892707.

4–Altamimi, M. A., Abu-Reidah, I. M., Altamimi, A., & Jaradat, N. (2022). Hydroethanolic Extract of Urtica dioica L. (Stinging Nettle) Leaves as Disaccharidase Inhibitor and Glucose Transport in Caco-2 Hinderer. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 27(24), 8872. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248872

5–Devkota HP, Paudel KR, Khanal S, Baral A, Panth N, Adhikari-Devkota A, Jha NK, Das N, Singh SK, Chellappan DK, Dua K, Hansbro PM. Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.): Nutritional Composition, Bioactive Compounds, and Food Functional Properties. Molecules. 2022 Aug 16;27(16):5219. doi: 10.3390/molecules27165219. PMID: 36014458; PMCID: PMC9413031.

6–Fan S, Raychaudhuri S, Kraus O, Shahinozzaman M, Lofti L, Obanda DN. Urtica dioica Whole Vegetable as a Functional Food Targeting Fat Accumulation and Insulin Resistance-a Preliminary Study in a Mouse Pre-Diabetic Model. Nutrients. 2020 Apr 10;12(4):1059. doi: 10.3390/nu12041059. PMID: 32290353; PMCID: PMC7231388.

7–Rahmati, M., Keshvari, M., Mirnasouri, R., & Chehelcheraghi, F. (2021). Exercise and Urtica dioica extract ameliorate hippocampal insulin signaling, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and cognitive function in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie, 139, 111577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111577

8–Patel, S. S., Ray, R. S., Sharma, A., Mehta, V., Katyal, A., & Udayabanu, M. (2018). Antidepressant and anxiolytic like effects of Urtica dioica leaves in streptozotocin induced diabetic mice. Metabolic brain disease, 33(4), 1281–1292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-018-0243-1
 
9–Amiri Behzadi A, Kalalian-Moghaddam H, Ahmadi AH. Effects of Urtica dioica supplementation on blood lipids, hepatic enzymes and nitric oxide levels in type 2 diabetic patients: A double blind, randomized clinical trial. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2016 Nov-Dec;6(6):686-695. PMID: 28078249; PMCID: PMC5206926.

10–Seyydi, S. M., Tofighi, A., Rahmati, M., & Tolouei Azar, J. (2022). Exercise and Urtica Dioica extract ameliorate mitochondrial function and the expression of cardiac muscle Nuclear Respiratory Factor 2 and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Gene, 822, 146351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2022.146351

11–Shonte TT, Duodu KG, de Kock HL. Effect of drying methods on chemical composition and antioxidant activity of underutilized stinging nettle leaves. Heliyon. 2020 May 23;6(5):e03938. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03938. PMID: 32478185; PMCID: PMC7248666.

53 thoughts on “Transform Your Life With This Simple Dietary Addition…Nettles

  1. sue chasteen says:

    I try to drink nettle tea daily. I make it from the leaves, but I see you’re offering the roots for tea. Is one more beneficial than the other?

    • Dr. Brandon Rose says:

      The research I looked into on this specific application assessed the arial parts. There are some differences in the chemical makeup of the leaves and root (see citation below) so I can’t say for certain the roots will do the same thing as the leaves.

      Most research I’ve read on the root focuses on the effect of this part of the plant has on prostate issues.

      Tarasevičienė Ž, Vitkauskaitė M, Paulauskienė A, Černiauskienė J. Wild Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) Leaves and Roots Chemical Composition and Phenols Extraction. Plants (Basel). 2023 Jan 9;12(2):309. doi: 10.3390/plants12020309. PMID: 36679022; PMCID: PMC9864842.

      -Dr. Rose

    • Dr. Patrick Jones says:

      The different parts of nettles have some very different actions. The leaf is what you’ll want to use for the applications discussed in the article. The leaf also has lots of other great properties.
      The seed is very beneficial to struggling kidneys. The root is used most for benign prostate issues.

      • Lori Grissom says:

        I can attest that the leaves are great for allergies. I make tea with them. But I have freeze dried a bunch that I guess I need to powder and add to smoothies after reeding this. Currently some of them are going to seed so I guess I should go harvest those too.

      • Connie Bartlett says:

        Will drinking it as a tea be any where near as beneficial as ingesting the plant? I’m sure there’s a need to delineate what a need might be, and I guess I would suggest diabetes, and benign prostate. Any cliff notes appreciated. Many thanks!

        • Dr. Brandon Rose says:

          Hi Connie,

          While we’re waiting for Dr. Jones to weigh in there are studies that suggest a tea could be beneficial for those conditions (citations below).

          Ranjbari A, Azarbayjani MA, Yusof A, et al. In vivo and in vitro evaluation of the effects of Urtica dioica and swimming activity on diabetic factors and pancreatic beta cells. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016;16:101. Published 2016 Mar 15. doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1064-6

          Durak I, Biri H, Devrim E, Sözen S, Avci A. Aqueous extract of Urtica dioica makes significant inhibition on adenosine deaminase activity in prostate tissue from patients with prostate cancer. Cancer Biol Ther. 2004;3(9):855-857. doi:10.4161/cbt.3.9.1038

          -Dr. Rose

  2. Beverly Beidel says:

    Been really interested in the stinging nettle this year. This confirms I need to be getting some. It grew like a weed on the farm I grew up on. We have 6 acres about 25 miles away and none there. Trying to find some to transplant. Is it ok to harvest throughout the year?

    • Teri Anderson says:

      Herbalist Susan Weed mentioned not to harvest once it starts flowering. Can cause gastric issues and even hallucinations according to her! However, I find in the fall I can usually get a second harvest.

    • Dr. Brandon Rose says:

      The composition of the plant varies throughout the year (see citation below) but remains consistently edible.

      There are some anecdotal reports that gastric distress can occur; whether that’s from the fiber or extra sugars from a meal left undigested and feeding gut bacteria (they love that sort of thing) or some other factor I can’t say; the phenomenon hasn’t been looked into in-depth.

      I find no evidence that this specific plant has any sort of hallucinogenic effect at any juncture; however horse nettle is toxic and can cause hallucinations if consumed. Best to leave nightshades like that alone.

      Paulauskienė, A., Tarasevičienė, Ž., & Laukagalis, V. (2021). Influence of harvesting time on the chemical composition of wild stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.). Plants, 10(4), 686

      -Dr. Rose

  3. Michelle says:

    Thank you for all the information. I have wild stinging nettle growing on my property. Are some varieties not edible?

    • Dr. Brandon Rose says:

      I’m only aware of one species that goes by the common name “stinging nettle” and as long as you’re sure Urtica dioica is what you’re getting and the soil it’s growing on is clean I have no concerns about edibility.

      -Dr. Rose

    • Dr. Patrick Jones says:

      If it’s Urtica dioica or Urtica urens it’s great. Other species are different enough that I wouldn’t use them as substitutes.

  4. Teri Anderson says:

    I’ve devoted an entire garden bed just to nettle. I’ve always considered it valuable to my health. You can cook the fresh leaves like spinach. I wear those yellow dishwashing gloves when handling it– they’re perfect for avoiding getting stung while harvesting. I freeze bags of it as well, throwing it into smoothies. I don’t powder mine after drying… I was worried heat from the blender might destroy some of the medicinal qualities, so I just leave it intact until I use it in herbal infusions or smoothies. Marvelous plant! One of nature’s best-kept secrets!

  5. Lisa de Kramer says:

    I ran across a YT channel and they grew nonstinging nettle and harvested it. I wonder if the properties of the plant are the same?

    • Dr. Patrick Jones says:

      There are a number of plants (and some nettles) that don’t sting and are completely different species and have different (or no) medicinal actions. There are also some plants that look like nettles and are completely different medicinally.

      Make sure you stick with Urtica dioica or Urtica urens to know what you’re really getting.

      If the YT you’re referring to has found a cultivar (a line-bred variant of the species) that doesn’t sting, one has to ask; if they did enough selective breeding to breed out the chemistry that causes the sting, what other important chemistry got bred out of it? I don’t recommend use of line-bred cultivars of plants that have significant differences in appearance, aroma or flavor from the original. The nurseries are full of them.

  6. Helen Folsom says:

    Yay, Stinging Nettle! That was the ‘weed’ that first captured my heart after I moved to the woods of Northern Washington state. I read about how to identify it and suddenly my eyes were opened – it was growing nearby. Now I grow some in my back yard.

    And no, you don’t need to be a super human to gather and use it fresh. But once you add it to your diet you will want a way to have it around all year long, not just in the Spring. I read an article some time back where the author said about the use of fresh nettles as a food stuff, “It’s like spinach’s older brother came home from college.”

    Thanks Brandon, looking for more from you.

  7. Karen says:

    There is a wood nettle and stinging nettle. Both have the sting on the stem, but wood nettle leaves do not sting when young. Would wood nettle have the same health benefits as stinging nettle?

    • Dr. Brandon Rose says:

      I was just talking about wood nettle with a colleague—good timing.

      I can’t find any research on wood nettle specifically so I can’t say for sure from that perspective. Perhaps Dr. Jones has some words of wisdom on that.

      -Dr. Rose

    • Dr. Patrick Jones says:

      Wood nettle leaf Laportea canadensis has similar properties to stinging nettle leaf. The root is quite different and shouldn’t be substituted.

      We’re just finishing up an individual herb lesson on nettles for the school. At last check, we were up to about 80 slides. In that class we talk about some of the other cousins as well. It’s an amazing plant.

      https://homegrownherbalist.net/about-the-school/

  8. Candace says:

    I’m growing a patch of it in the corner of my yard. Planning to cook some as greens this spring then let it grow up to dry for tea. Any idea what cooking does to the nutritional benefits? Thanks.

    • Dr. Brandon Rose says:

      The two studies below seem to suggest cooking is just fine and may even be beneficial, assuming the protocols for cooking used in these papers are followed.

      Engelhardt L, Pöhnl T, Neugart S. Edible Wild Vegetables Urtica dioica L. and Aegopodium podagraria L.-Antioxidants Affected by Processing. Plants (Basel). 2022 Oct 14;11(20):2710. doi: 10.3390/plants11202710. PMID: 36297734; PMCID: PMC9610176.

      Rutto LK, Xu Y, Ramirez E, Brandt M. Mineral Properties and Dietary Value of Raw and Processed Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.). Int J Food Sci. 2013;2013:857120. doi: 10.1155/2013/857120. Epub 2013 May 16. PMID: 26904610; PMCID: PMC4745470.

      -Dr. Rose

    • Dr. Patrick Jones says:

      It depends on which nutrients/actions you’re referring to. As with any leafy green, less cooking is probably better. A quick boil or steaming will preserve more nutrients than a long boil or frying.

  9. Marion says:

    We have been using nettle as a fresh steamed green for several years. Also we dry it and it goes into the mix of greens in that fashion for year round use.
    Out of curiosity, have you heard that if you do get “stung”, you can take a piece of the root, mash it a bit and it will take the sting out of your skin? I’ve tried and it seems to be a truism.

  10. Christine Dalziel says:

    Dr. Rose, nice to meet you. Thanks for this article. It was very informative and I now have another reason to love this “weed”. We have it growing all over the garden — supposedly a sign of strong fertility.

    I just scythed down the stinging nettles in my orchard and put the leaves around the tree bases for mulch. They’ll come back in a couple weeks with new, tender tops and I’ll harvest them then for food and tincture.

  11. Jennifer says:

    I give dried nettles to my dogs… my older dog specifically for inflammation decrease bc I think it helps w his old age joints and my younger dog bc he’s a red pittie ( they always seem to have some sort of allergy) helps w any allergies for him. I drink the tea also to help w allergies . It seems to help decrease my nasal drainage when I’m working at the hospital ! Because it’s a dirty place ya know 🙂 and I always am stuffy when I’m there… it’s weird I know , maybe I’m just allergic to my job 🙂

  12. Jodie Nancarrow says:

    After reading some of Maria Treben, I have now been drinking nettle tea daily, for over a year now. 1-2 cups 1st thing every morning. I feel great & have stayed healthy. I also use the cooled tea for cooking eg stocks etc

  13. LAURA MELVIN says:

    We have stinging nettle throughout our horse pasture. I have always thought it funny the horses will not touch them until we mow the pasture and then they eat them right up!
    I would be interested in knowing how to use the seeds for struggling kidneys, please.

  14. Debra L Robinson says:

    I have been drinking nettle tea every day for almost a year now to control high blood pressure. I am 62 years old, and my blood pressure used to run about 160/90 and now it runs about 122/72. I make a big batch to drink like unsweetened iced tea to drink during the day. Often I mix green tea and tulsi with it. I’m a big believer in stinging nettles!

  15. Joan says:

    Great article, I’m wanting to have my husband take stinging nettle to help with blood sugar so this article gave me the prompt to do it quicker.
    Thank you

    • Dr. Patrick Jones says:

      Yes. It has some effective anti-inflammatory and some pain relieving properties. And, of course the sting of the fresh plant also has anti-arthritic properties. We discuss all this and mountains more in the new Nettles lesson we’re just finishing up for the school. That lesson is about 80 pages so far. We can’t begin to cover all the benefits of this plant here. :0)

      https://homegrownherbalist.net/about-the-school/

  16. Deanne says:

    I have been working at an organic dairy farm this spring and there are patches of stinging nettles growing in quite a few places. Just yesterday, I asked if I could harvest some. He said sure, which I knew he would, but I wanted to ask. The cows don’t eat them.
    Last fall, I brought home some stinging nettle plants from the farm to try to get some going here, but I haven’t noticed any coming up yet. (Actually, I can’t remember where I ended up deciding to plant them. It was hard to decide because I have weeded enough stinging nettles out of flower beds, that I don’t want them taking over my gardens. At least they are easy to pull – with gloves on. 🙂
    Now comes this article, right after I asked to harvest some, which motivates me to actually DO it and not just keep thinking about it. Perfect timing. 🙂

  17. A B says:

    I know you can’t say definitively, but is there evidence to contraindicate using stinging nettle while pregnant or nursing?

    • Dr. Patrick Jones says:

      Nettle leaf is considered safe for pregnancy and lactation. It’s commonly used as a nutritive tonic in pregnant ladies.

      Safety of root or seed are unknown during pregnancy and lactation.

  18. alli says:

    I ate some stinging nettle seeds, never saw any changing. I use to have some growing along the ditch bank, but they don’t seem to have come back for 2 yrs now, so I can’t harvest them. I’ll have to check near the canal in our other field. My old neighbor had a huge patch of them on an “island” on his property, now a new neighbor gets that fun.
    I’ll have to try the powder & tincture & have to look for the interactions with medications as my husband can benefit, but he’s on a nerve blocker (doesn’t help completely) & another pain killer.
    Nice to meet you Dr. Rose.
    Glad to see your additional info Doc Jones.

  19. Maria says:

    I have just recently started drinking nettle tea and ate a few helpings of the steamed nettles. For me, it does to me what eating spinach or taking aspirin does….with a little bump of my forearm, I get blood blisters (for lack of a better name). After eating nettles and I get one of these, I don’t bleed as much as I do with spinach or aspirin. What could cause this? I REALLY enjoy drinking it.

    • Dr. Brandon Rose says:

      The hemostatic properties of Urtica dioica has been validated in animal studies (see one example below); that said these seem to be more proof of concept and only hypothesize as to the mechanism through which it occurs. Sorry I can’t be specific as to the why.

      I really love hearing reports like these. Keep ‘em coming.

      Zouari Bouassida, K., Bardaa, S., Khimiri, M., Rebaii, T., Tounsi, S., Jlaiel, L., & Trigui, M. (2017). Exploring the Urtica dioica leaves hemostatic and wound-healing potential. BioMed Research International, 2017.

      -Dr. Rose

  20. LaVonne says:

    If you happen to get strung by nettle, break a stem of it in half and rub the “juice”
    from the stem on the area that is stinging. It should stop the sting from the nettle;)

  21. Jen says:

    Thank you for this great article, Dr. Rose. My apologies if this question has already been asked, but is it still beneficial to harvest stinging nettle once it’s grown to about 4-5 feet high? I remember somebody suggesting once that the plant should be used in the springtime when it’s small, which I do. But mine grows so fast, it quickly reaches 5 feet by the time summer begins. I tend to slow down my use of it at this point, but maybe I shouldn’t?

    • Dr. Brandon Rose says:

      Thank you Jen. The nutrient density will vary with the seasons but it never becomes completely bereft of benefit nor toxic. Hope this helps.

      -Dr. Rose

  22. Linda K says:

    I enjoyed the article. It’s interesting hearing from a researcher’s perspective. Thank you, Dr. Rose.
    I have used Nettle from my patch for several years, but only sporadically. I’ve increased usage to include it as mulch, tea for drinking & as a foliar feed/insect repellant on my veggie plants. We increased our consumption, however, this week my husband developed kidney stones & said “no more nettles or spinach” for awhile. He read the oxalate levels were very high in nettles. (he is prone to kidney stones). Do you know if the seeds are high in oxalate?
    Doc Jones, thanks for all of the info you provide & your witty humor!

    • Dr. Brandon Rose says:

      Thanks for reading Linda. I’m sorry your husband has been dealing with that and hope he feels better very soon.

      I couldn’t find any research reporting the oxalate content of the seeds; I’ll keep looking but in the meantime perhaps Dr. Jones has read some literature on the subject. It is worth noting that stinging nettle extract has been demonstrated to have a protective effect against the formation of kidney stones (citation below).

      Zhang H, Li N, Li K, Li P. Protective effect of Urtica dioica methanol extract against experimentally induced urinary calculi in rats. Mol Med Rep. 2014 Dec;10(6):3157-62. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2610. Epub 2014 Oct 8. PMID: 25310585.

      -Dr. Rose

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