Respiratory ShooFloo Powder

The Dispensatory of the United States of America, 1918, Edited by Joseph P. Remington, Horatio C. Wood and others. - Echinacea

Echinacea. N. F. IV. Nigger-head. Sampson-root. Pale Purple Cone-flower.—"The dried rhizome and roots of Brauneria pallida (Nuttall) Britton (Echinacea angustifolia De Candolle. (Fam. Compositae)." N. F. IV. This composite plant, a native of the prairie region of America west of Ohio, has been introduced by the so-called eclectic physicians as a remedy in divers dissimilar diseases. The root is described by the N. F. as "nearly entire, cylindrical, very slightly tapering and sometimes slightly spirally twisted, from 10 to 20 cm. in length and from 4 to 13 mm. in diameter, externally grayish-brown, light brown or purplish-brown, slightly annulate in the upper portion, with occasional V-shaped stem scars, somewhat longitudinally wrinkled, or furrowed; fracture short, fibrous, bark less than 1 mm. in thickness, wood thick and composed of alternate light yellowish and black wedges; the rhizome with a circular pith. Odor faint, aromatic; taste sweetish, followed by a tingling sensation suggesting aconite, but lacking the persistent and benumbing effect produced by that drug. Under the microscope, sections show the presence of intercellular (schizogenous) oil and resin cavities or reservoirs in both the wood and bark, numerous stone cells distinguished by the presence of a blackish, resinous substance in the intercellular spaces between them and some of the adjoining parenchyma, the latter containing masses or aggregates of inulin. The walls of the tracheae or vessels are marked with simple slit-like pores or annular and reticulate thickenings; bast fibers occur in the stem, and in some specimens true libriform or wood fibers are found. Echinacea yields not more than 6 per cent. of ash." N. F. Kraemer and Sollenberger (A. J. P., 1911, p. 315) have described the physical characteristics of the drug. Lloyd (Eclectic Med. Journ., 1897) obtained minute quantities of an inert alkaloid and believed that the active substance was a resin. Heyl and Hart (J. Am. C. S., 1915, xxxvii, p. 1769) found the drug to contain inulin, 5.9 per cent.; inuloid, 6; sucrose, 7; laevulose, 4; betaine, 0.1, and resins, 1.9 per cents.; the latter consisting of two isomeric phytosterols, phytosterolin, and the following fatty acids, oleic, linolic, cerotic and palmitic, but could find no physiologically active substance. Echinacea has been attributed with the property of increasing the resistance of the body to infection and is consequently used in boils, septicemia, cancer, and other infective conditions. It is also attributed with aphrodisiac and analgesic powers, but is probably without therapeutic value. The recommended dose of the fluidextract is from ten to thirty minims (0.6-1.8 mils). Hale (Lancet Clinic, March, 1901) injects an extract into the rectum in the treatment of hemorrhoids. Brauneria purpurea D.G. Britton (Rudbeckia purpurea L., Echinacea purpurea Moench), Black Sampson, Purple Cone-flower (Virginia to Illinois and southward to Louisiana), has similar properties to B. pallida, and is similarly used.

A Manual Materia Medica Pharmacology. Comprising All Organic And Iinorganic Drugs Which Are Or Have Been Official In The United States Pharmacopia by David M. K. Culbreth, Pn.G., M.D. 1917 - Elder

Sambu'ciis canaden'sis, Sambunis, Elder.—The flowers, official 1820-1 9(X); N. America (damp places). Semi-shrubby perennial, slightly woody, 1.5-3 M. (5-10°) high; stem branching, covered with rough, pitted-gray bark, central pith large, branches smooth; fruit, ovoid drupe, 6 Mm. (\') long, red then purplish-black. Flowers, corymbose cymes, cream-white, when dry pale brownish-yellow; odor FIG. 396.—Viburnum Opulus. Flo. 397.—Satnbucus canadcnsis. peculiar; taste aromatic, bitter; become worm-eaten unless a preserva tive (sodium chloride) is added; contain volatile oil .3-. 5 p. c., resin, fat, wax, mucilage, tannin. Stimulant, carminative, diaphoretic, sudorific, diuretic, alterative, flavoring; used mostly externally in fomentation, poultice, and ointment; rheumatism, erysipelas, abscesses, etc.; the water for cooling application to the eyes. Dose, 5ss-l (2-4 Gm.). S. ni'gra—Europe; tree, 4.5-6 M. (15-20°) high, 10-15 Cm. (4-6') thick, compound cymes smaller than the preceding. S. Eb'ulus, Dwarf Elder. All parts with strong, disagreeable odor, bitterish, acrid taste, the 4-seeded fruit, resembling elderberries; laxative; S. maderen'- sis, Madeira; less aromatic than S. nigra.

A Manual Materia Medica Pharmacology. Comprising All Organic And Iinorganic Drugs Which Are Or Have Been Official In The United States Pharmacopia by David M. K. Culbreth, Pn.G., M.D. 1917 - Garlic

Garlic.—The fresh bulb without drying, official 1820-1900; C. Asia, S. Europe. Bulbous plant, .6 M. (2°) high; leaves long, flat, grass-like; flowers small, white, umbels. Bulb, subglobular, compounded of 8-wedged bulblets, covered by several membranous scales; odor pungent, alliaceous; taste warm, acrid; con tains volatile oil .25 p. c., mucilage 35 p. c., albumin, sugar, starch, water 60 p. c. Stimulant, carminative, con diment, diuretic, expectorant, rubefacient; bronchitis, indigestion, infantile catarrh; poultice in catarrhal pneumonia, abscesses, ear ache, convulsions of children, insect and serpent wounds.

The Family Herbal, 1812, was written by John Hill. - Grape Leaf

Botanical name: Vitis vinifera Vitis. A weak shrub, too familiar in our gardens to need much description. The trunk is covered with a rough bark; the branches are long, weak, and straggling; the leaves are roundish in the whole figure, but indented deeply into five or seven divisions, the lower are inconsiderable: the fruit is round, or oblong, juicy, and produced in great bunches. We use no part of the common vine, as it grows with us; but not to mention the several kinds of wine that are useful on different occasions, the dried fruit in the form of what we call raisins and currants, is in constant repute. Raisins of the sun, Malaga raisins, and currants all have the same virtue; they are good in coughs, and soreness of the lungs, and in consumptions. Vinegar is also a product of the grape: it is wine become sour, and spirit of wine and brandy of the very best kinds, are made from wine also by distillation. The substance called tartar, of which the cream of tartar is made, is only a salt of the grape, which sticks to the wine casks. So that we owe to the grape, more medicines than to any one simple whatsoever.

The Dispensatory of the United States of America, 1918, Edited by Joseph P. Remington, Horatio C. Wood and others. - Peppermint

"The dried leaves and flowering tops of Mentha piperita Linné (Fam. Labiatae)." U. S. Brandy Mint; Menthe poivrée, Fr. Cod.; Folia Menthae Piperitae, P. G.; Pfefferminzblätter, Pfeffermunze, G.; Menta piperita, It., Sp. The genus Mentha comprises at least fifteen species, of which there are also a great many varieties. Some of the mints have been in use for culinary and medicinal purposes since antiquity, but no well defined distinction is made as to just what plants were employed. It is stated that M. piperita L. (1753), also Smith (1800)—the most important member of this genus, was long ago cultivated by the Egyptians. It is mentioned in the Icelandic Pharmacopoeia of the thirteenth century. Peppermint is now grown in considerable amounts in Europe, North America, and Eastern Asia. It is also found growing wild in ether parts of the world, as South America and Australia. The oldest existing peppermint district is in the neighborhood of Mitcham (Surrey), England. In some parts of the United States, especially in Michigan, the western part of New York, Ohio and Indiana, it is largely cultivated. On the continent of Europe other species of Mentha (particularly M. arvensis. grow with M. piperita, deteriorating the product. In America other plants (as Erigeron canadensis and Erechthites hieracifolia. cause the same trouble. Besides M. piperita other species are cultivated, as some Asiatic varieties of M. arvensis, M. spicata, M. longifolia (var. undulata), M. gentilis, M. dalmatica, and M. Pulegium. Miss Henkel reviews the situation regarding the cultivation of peppermint in the United States and describes the three kinds of mint grown for the production of peppermint oil: Mentha piperita L.; Mentha piperita vulgaris Sole, and Mentha piperita officinalis Sole. (Bul. Bur. Plant Ind., U. S. Dept. Agric., No. 90, 1906.) A comprehensive article on the cultivation of peppermint in Japan is that by Inouye in Schim. Rep., November, 1908, p. 199. Peppermint has recently been successfully grown in Wisconsin. (Paint, Oil and Drug Rev., xliv, p. 18.) The cultivation of peppermint is a growing industry on the reclaimed lands of Louisiana. (Spatula, xvii, p. 18.) Great interest recently has been taken in the cultivation of peppermint in Germany. (See Thorns in B. P. G., xx, p. 244; Arb. Pharm. Inst. Univ. Berl., viii, p. 93.) Mitlacher reports on the cultivation of peppermint in Austria and outlines methods for its culture on a large scale. (Ph. Post, xliv, p. 215; Zeit. Oest. Apoth. Ver., 1, p. 422.) It has been repeatedly pointed out that the essential oil-bearing plants of the Labiates are very capricious and constantly changing character with change of soil and climate. For an account of the cultivation of peppermint in Russia, see Proc. A. Ph. A., 1902, 831. Peppermint is a perennial herbaceous plant, producing creeping stolons. The steins are quadrangular, channelled, purplish, somewhat hairy and branching towards the top. The leaves are opposite, petiolate, ovate, sharply seriate, pointed, smoother on the upper than on the under surface, and of a dark green color, which is paler beneath. The flowers are small, purple, and in terminal obtuse spikes, interrupted below, and cymosely arranged. Late in the season, the growth of the lateral lower branches often gives to the inflorescence the appearance of a corymb. The calyx is tubular, often purplish, furrowed, glabrous below, and five-toothed, the teeth being hirsute. The corolla is purplish, tubular, with its border divided into four segments, of which the uppermost is broadest, and notched at its summit. The four short stamens are concealed within the tube of the corolla; the style projects beyond it, and terminates in a bifid stigma. The plant should be cut for medicinal use in dry weather, in August, about the period of the expansion of the flowers. John C. Umney points out differences between white and black peppermint, in P. J., 1896, 123. For a paper on the histology of powdered peppermint by Smith Ely Jelliffe, see D. C., 1899, 252. Properties.—It is officially described as follows : "Leaves more or less crumpled and frequently detached from the stems; stems quadrangular, from 1 to 2 mm. in diameter, glabrous except for a few scattered deflexed hairs; leaves when entire ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, petioles from 4 to 15 mm. in length, slightly pubescent, laminae from 1 to 9 cm. in length, acute and sharply serrate, light green to purplish-brown, upper surfaces nearly glabrous, lower surfaces glandular hairy, especially on the veins; flower-whorls in oblong or oval spikes which are usually compact, or somewhat interrupted at the base, from 1 to 1.5 cm. in breadth, rounded at the summit, and in fruit attaining a length of from 3 to 7 cm.; bracts oblong-lanceolate, very acuminate, 7 mm. in length; calyx tubular, equally 5-toothed, pubescent and glandular-punctate, often dark purple in color; corolla tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft, about 3 mm. in length and often light purple; stamens 4, short and equal; nutlets ellipsoidal, about 0.5 mm. in diameter, blackish-brown; odor aromatic, characteristic; taste aromatic, pungent, followed by a cooling sensation in the mouth." U. S. The morphology of Mentha piperita and other species of Mentha are discussed by Eriksson in B. P. G., xviii, p. 244. The herb, both in the recent and in the dried state, has a peculiar, penetrating, grateful odor. Peppermint is quite frequently contaminated with spearmint and in one instance the leaves of belladonna were found. The latter, while no doubt accidental, shows the necessity for the examination of crude drug's generally. (Pharm. Prax., iv, p. 38.) There is sometimes difficulty in distinguishing between the leaves of M. piperita and those of M. spicata. According to Joseph Schrenk, crystals can always be found in the glandular hairs of the peppermint, but are absent in those of the spearmint. The crystals are doubly refractive, and so transparent that sometimes a polariscope is necessary for their easy detection. These crystals have been thought to be menthol, but they seem not to dissolve in alcohol, and are probably hesperidin. The medicinal properties depend on a volatile oil, of which from 1 to 1.25 per cent. can be obtained from the herb. The leaves are said to contain a little tannic acid. The virtues of the herb are imparted to water, and more readily to alcohol. Uses.—Peppermint is an aromatic stimulant, much used to allay nausea, relieve spasmodic pains of the stomach and bowels, expel flatus, or cover the taste or qualify the nauseating or griping effects of other medicines. The medicine is rarely used in infusion. (See Oleum Menthae Piperitae.)

King's American Dispensatory By Harvey Wickes Felter and John Uri Lloyd 1898 - St. John’s Wort

Botanical Source.—This plant has a perennial, woody, tufted, fusiform, tortuous, somewhat creeping root. Its stem is 2-edged, branchiate, erect above, curved below, branched, and from 1 to 2 feet high. The leaves are very numerous, elliptical or ovate, obtuse, opposite, entire, marked with pellucid dots, of a pale-green color, from 6 to 10 lines long, one-third as wide, the ramial leaves being much smaller. The flowers are numerous, of a bright-yellow color, and borne in dense, forked, terminal panicles. The calyx is persistent; and the sepals are 5, acute, lanceolate, connected at the base, with 6 dark-colored glands. Petals 5, twice as long as the sepals, ovate, obtuse, yellow, dotted, and streaked with black or dark purple. Stamens numerous, united at base, divided into 3 sets with small anthers. Styles 3 short, erect; stigmas small. The capsule is roundish, 3-celled and 3-valved; the seeds numerous, small, and roundish. The whole herb is dark-green, with a powerful scent when rubbed, and stain the fingers dark-purple, from the great abundance of colored essential oil (L.—W.). History and Chemical Composition.—St. John's wort is an herb abundantly growing in this country and Europe, and proving exceedingly annoying to farmers. The flowers appear from June to August. It has a peculiar, terebinthine odor, and a balsamic, bitterish, rather astringent taste. It imparts its properties to water, alcohol, ether, oils, or alkaline solutions. Other species of Hypericum are possessed of medicinal properties, notably the Hypericum sarothra, Michaux, pine-weed or orange-grass, growing in sands, which has aperient qualities. An allied plant, the Ascyrum crux-Andreae, Linné, or St. Andrew's cross, has been locally applied to glandular indurations and swellings. Hypericum contains a volatile oil, a resin, tannic acid and coloring matter (Blair, Amer. Jour. Pharm., Vol. II, p. 23). Pectin is also present. The red coloring principle is a resinous body known as hypericum red. The odor of this principle is similar to that of the flowers. Karl Dieterich (Pharm. Centralh., 1891, p. 683) macerated the flowers with 90 per cent alcohol, and obtained a tincture of a rich red color, containing a mixture of two coloring matters, a yellow principle soluble in petroleum ether, and a red coloring matter, insoluble in this solvent. The red principle, in solid form, was a resinous mass of a green lustre, soluble in alcohol with red color, and resembling carthamin red; insoluble in fatty, but soluble in ethereal oils. Acids dissolve it with red, alkalies, chloroform, benzol and carbon disulphide with green color. The substance does not possess any advantage over other indicators in alkalimetry. When exposed to air in thin layers, it turns greenish at once. The aqueous extractive matter of the flowers contains calcium, magnesium, potassium, and oxalic, sulphuric and carbonic acids. Action, Medical Uses, and Dosage.—Astringent, sedative, and diuretic. Used in suppression of the urine, chronic urinary affections, in diarrhoea, dysentery, worms, jaundice, menorrhagia, hysteria, nervous affections with depression, hemoptysis, and other hemorrhages. Hypericum has undoubted power over the nervous system, and particularly the spinal cord. Homoeopathic physicians regard it as the arnica of that structure. It is used in injuries of the spine and in lacerated and punctured wounds of the limbs to prevent tetanic complications and to relieve the excruciating pains of such injuries (Scudder). It is highly valued by Webster in spinal irritation when, upon gentle pressure upon the spinous processes of the vertebrae, burning pain is elicited. Throbbing of the whole body in nervous individuals, fever being absent, is said to be a good indication for hypericum. The usual method of administration is: Rx Tincture of hypericum, gtt. x to xxx; aqua, fl℥iv. Mix. Sig. Teaspoonful every 1 or 2 hours. Externally, hypericum may be used in fomentation, or used as an ointment for dispelling hard tumors, caked breasts, bruises, ecchymosis, swellings, ulcers, etc. The blossoms, infused in sweet oil or bear's oil, by means of exposure to the sun, make a fine, red balsamic ointment for wounds, ulcers, swellings, tumors, etc. A very excellent ointment for tumors, ecchymosed conditions, etc., may be made by adding to 1 pound of lard, ½ pound of the recent tops and flowers of St. John's wort, and ½ pound of fresh stramonium leaves; bruise all together, expose to a gentle heat for an hour, and strain. Dose of the powder, from ½ to 2 drachms; of the infusion, from 1 to 2 fluid ounces. The dose of the strong tincture is from ½ to 10 minims. Ɣ The saturated tincture of the fresh herb (℥viii to alcohol, 76 per cent, Oj) is nearly as valuable as that of arnica for bruises, etc., and may be substituted for it in many instances. Specific Indications and Uses.—Spinal injuries, shocks, or concussions; throbbing of the whole body without fever; spinal irritation, eliciting tenderness and burning pain upon slight pressure; spinal injuries, and lacerated and punctured wounds of the extremities, with excruciating pain; hysteria; locally to wounds, contusions, etc.

King's American Dispensatory By Harvey Wickes Felter and John Uri Lloyd 1898 - Yarrow

AOHILLEA.—~YARROW. The whole plant, Achillea. JlIillefolium, Linné. Nat. 0rd.—Compositae. COMMON NArms—Yarrow, Milfoil, Thousand leaf. IL5LUSTRATION: Bentley and Trimen., Med. Hunts, 153; Woodville, Med. Bot., 1 . ' Botanical Source and Description—Yarrow is a common perennial plant from 1 to 3 feet in height, bearing dark-green, crowded, alternate, bi-pinnatifid leaves. The flowers, which are grayish-white (occasionall F. 1 rose—colored), are arranged in a flat-top, corymbose head: I" ' The odor is peculiar, being pleasantly and highly aromatic, ' ' somewhat resemblin chamomile. The taste is sharp, bit terish, astringent, an slightly saline. History.—Yarrow is a common wayside herb, and is also found growing wild in fields, pastures, and waste places throughout the central portions of North America and urope. It flowers from May to October, during which time it should be gathered (preferably during July), and after re'ecting the coarser stems, should be carefully dried. The weight after drying, is but 15 per cent of the amount collected. The leaves are more astringent than the flowers, the latter being more aromatic than the former. The Amer ican plant is said to be more valuable than the European s ecies. Achillea was known to the ancients. Pliny states Achmm t at the generic term, Achillea, was named from Achilles, a physician, who was one of the first to use a species of this plant as a vulnerary. arrow is sold by the native herbalists of India, like rosemary, where it is used as a bitter and in medicated vapor baths for fevers (Dymock). The Italians em ployed it in intermittent fevers, and in the Scottish highlands it is made into ointment for wounds. According to Linnaeus the Dalecarlians used it as a sub stitute for hops in the makin of ale, believing it to impart to it intoxicating qualities. Both Stahl and Ha ler used this plant extensively. Chemical Composition—Yarrow contains a reddish-brown, active, bitter principle called acht'llein (cmnszu), discovered by Zanon, in 1846 (Liebig’s An nalen), and shown by Von Planta (1870) to be alkaloidal and identical with the achille'ine of Achillea moschata. Zanon also found an acid which he named aehilleic acid, and which was subsequently (1857) shown by Hlasiwetz to be aco'nitic acid. A small portion of a volatile oil, dark-green in color, may be obtained from yarrow by distillation with water. Milfoil also contains potassium and calcium salts, resin, gum, and tannin. Action, Medical Uses, and Dosa e.—Yarrow possesses slightly astringent properties, and is tonic, alterative an diuretic, in infusion. Its use in chronic diseases of the Miami agrpttratm, is especially recommended by Prof. J. M. Scudder. It exerts a tonic in uence upon the venous system,as well as upon mucous mem branes. It has been efficacious in Sore throat, henwptysis, hematuria and other forms of henwrrhage where the bleeding is small in amount, inrontiwwnce of urine, diabetes, hernorrhmds with bloody or mucoid discharges, and dysentery; also in 20 acme.“ ACETICI'M. ammmrr/m'a, flalulvnry/ and spasmmlb' dis/visas, and in the form of injection in lecu-orrhuu with relaxed vaginal walls. Prof. T. V. Morrow made much use of an infusion of this herb in dj/umtcrjl. Given in half-drachm doses of the saturated tincture, or 20-drop doses of specific achillea, it will be found one of our best agents for the relief of immorrlmflz'a. The active principle, AI-liillein, has been employed in France and other por tions of Southern Europe, as a substitute for quinine in the treatment of inter mirtrntfm'ors. It has also been employed by French physicians to restore arrested lochial (liar-barges. Of infusion (3i to Aqua Oj), 1 to 2 fluid ounces; specific achillea, 5 to 30 drops; volatile oil, 5 to 20 drops. All reparations of achillea are rendered more pleasant to the taste by the addition 0 a few drops of oil of anise. Specific Indications and Uses—To relieve urinary irritation, stran ry, urinary sup ression; relieves irritation in incipient Bright's disease, ca-pi lary relaxation, eucorrhrea with relaxed and irritated vaginal walls, hematuria, gastric and intestinal atony, atonic amenorrhoea, menorrhagia.