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Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World, 1919, was edited by U. P. Hedrick. - Astragalus

Botanical name: Astracantha gummiferaAstracantha creticaAstracantha florulentaAstracantha leiocladosAstragalus australisAstragalus boeticusAstragalus brachycalyxAstragalus christianusAstragalus crassicarpusAstragalus hamosusAstragalus kurdicus Astragalus aboriginorum Richards. Leguminosae. Astragalus. Arctic North America. The roots are eaten by the Cree and Stone Indians of the Rocky Mountains. Astragalus adscendens Boiss. & Haussk. Persia. The plant affords an abundance of gum and also a manna. Astragalus boeticus Linn. Swedish Coffee. Mediterranean region. In certain parts of Germany and Hungary, this plant is cultivated for its seeds, which are roasted, ground and used as a substitute for coffee. Its culture is the same as that of the common pea or tare. The name applied to the seeds, Swedish coffee, would indicate that it is also grown in Scandinavia. Astragalus caryocarpus Ker-Gawl. Ground Plum. Mississippi region of North America. The unripe fruits are edible and are eaten raw or cooked. Astragalus christianus Linn. Asia Minor and Syria. In Taurus, the roots of the great, yellow milk-vetch are sought as an article of food. Astragalus creticus Lam. Greece. This plant yields tragacanth. Astragalus florulentus Boiss. & Haussk. Persia. The plant yields a manna. Astragalus gummifer Labill. Syria. This is another species supplying a source of tragacanth. Astragalus hamosus Linn. Mediterranean region to India. The plant is grown particularly on account of the singularity of its fruits which, before maturity, resemble certain worms. They are of a mediocre taste but are employed in salads chiefly to cause an innocent surprise. Astragalus kurdicus Boiss. Kurdistan and Syria. The plant affords tragacanth. Astragalus leioclados Boiss. Persia. Tragacanth is produced by this plant. Astragalus mexicanus A. DC. Open plains and prairies from Illinois westward and southward. The unripe fruits are edible and are eaten raw or cooked by travelers.

King's American Dispensatory By Harvey Wickes Felter and John Uri Lloyd 1898 - Echinacea

Echinacea purpurea, Mtench (Rudbec‘ia purpurea, Linné), variously called Red sunflower, Comb-flower, or urple cone-{llmven has a thick, black root, with branched, sulcate, smooth, or rough stems, 3 to 5 feet in eight. Leaves alternate, 4 to 8 inches long, and about i as wide, rough, with short, stifl' bristles; lower ones broad-ovate, attenuate at base, 6-nerved, veiny, long-petioled, remotely-toothed; cauline ones lanceolate-ovate, acuminate, nearl entire. Heads large, solitary, on long peduncles. Disk thickly beset with the' stiff pointe , brown chafi'. Rays from 15 to 20, 2 or 3 inches long, dull-purple, pendulous, bifi . This plant is common to the western prairies and banks, and is found also in the southern states, flowerin from July to Se tember. The root is very pungent to the taste, and has been p0 ularly u in medicine un er the name of Black sampson. It is stated to have been employer with much benefit in syphilis (W.——G.). Both of the above plants deserve a full and thorough investiga tion from t e profession. From all that I have been able to learn, the latter plant is equal to stillin 'a in medicinal efficacy (King).

The Family Herbal, 1812, was written by John Hill. - Garlic

Botanical name: Allium sativum Allium. A plant kept in our gardens for its uses in medicine, and in the kitchen. It grows two fret and a half high. The leaves are broad, long, and of a strong green. The stalk is round, smooth, and firm, upright, and of a pale whitish or bluish colour. The flowers are white and small, but they grow in a large tuft at the top of the stalk. The root is white, or a little reddish; it is composed of a great number of bulbs, or, as we call them, cloves, joined together, and covered with a common skin, and with fibres at the bottom. The whole plant has an extremely strong smell, and an acrid and pungent taste. The root is to be boiled in water, and the decoction made into syrup with honey; this is excellent in asthmas, hoarseness, and coughs, and in all difficulties of breathing.

Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World, 1919, was edited by U. P. Hedrick. - Olive Leaf

Botanical name: Olea europaea Olea europaea Linn. Oleaceae. Olive. Mediterranean region. The olive has been in cultivation from the earliest periods of history. It is found wild in Syria, Greece and Africa and even in Spain but whether truly indigenous or escaped from cultivation is in doubt. The olive belongs to the fruits which were promised to the Jews in Canaan. Homer mentions green olives in the garden of Alcinous and Laertes, which were brought by Cecrops, the founder of Athens, to Greece. The cultivated tree was distinguished from the wild tree by Dioscorides. This tree was first brought to Italy, says Unger, 571 B. C. and, at the time of Pliny, had been carried over the Alps to Gaul and Spain. At the time of Cato, the Romans were acquainted with only 9 kinds of olives, in the time of Pliny with 12 and at the present time with 20. Humboldt says that, under the reign of Tarquin the Elder, this tree did not exist in Italy, in Spain or in Africa. Under the Consulate of Appius Claudius, the olive was still very rare in Rome, but, at the time of Pliny, the olive had already passed into France and Spain. It is said by others, however, that the olive was brought to France by the Phocian colony which inhabited Marseilles, 680 B. C. It is now extensively cultivated in Italy, southern France, Spain, Portugal, northern Africa, western Asia and Australia, and, of late years, its culture seems to be making rapid progress in southern California. In 1560, three plants were carried to Lima, Peru, one of these was stolen and carried to Chile and from this origin nourishing plantations became established. In 1755, the olive was introduced into South Carolina and, in 1785, it is reported as successfully grown. In this year, also, the South Carolina Society imported cuttings of olives. In 1833, two varieties were introduced at Beaufort, South Carolina, and are said to have succeeded fairly well. In 1869 and 1871, mention is made of the fruiting of olives at this place. In 1760, the olive was introduced into Florida by a colony of Greeks and Minorcans who founded New Smyrna, and about 1760 Anastasia Island, opposite St. Augustine, was remarkable for its fine olive trees. In 1867, fine crops were gathered in gardens in St. Augustine. On Cumberland Island, Georgia, a number of trees bore abundantly for many years prior to 1835 and, in 1825 at Darien, some 200 trees were planted. In 1854, olive trees were under cultivation in Louisiana, and Jefferys, 1760, speaks of olive trees there yielding palatable fruit and excellent oil but he may have referred to the wild olive, O. americana. In 1817, an attempt by a colony to cultivate the olive in Alabama was made, a grant of land being given conditionally on success, but the enterprise was not prosecuted and fell through. In California, the olive is said to have been planted in 1700. The use of the fruit for the expression of an oil and for pickling is very extensive, and these products are largely an object of export from southern Europe. In Cephalonia, according to Mrs. Brassey, the press cake is used by the peasants as a staple diet.

King's American Dispensatory By Harvey Wickes Felter and John Uri Lloyd 1898 - Red Clover

Botanical Source.—Red clover is a biennial plant with several stems arising from the same root, ascending, somewhat hairy, and varying much in its height. The leaves are ternate; the leaflets oval or obovate, entire, nearly smooth, often notched at the end, and lighter colored in the center. Stipules ovate and mucronate. Flowers red, fragrant, in short, dense, ovate, sessile spikes or heads. Corollas unequal, monopetalous; lower tooth of the calyx longer than the four others, which are equal, and all shorter than the rose-red corolla (W.—G.). History.—This plant is common to the United States, being extensively cultivated in grass lands, with herds-grass (Phleum pratense) and other grasses, and often alone; it flowers throughout the summer. The blossoms or flowers are the parts used. A strong decoction is made of them, which is evaporated to the consistence of an extract. A tincture is also prepared. Frederick Graser obtained from the flower-heads two resins, fat, chlorophyll, tannin, ash (7 ½ per cent), etc. The ether-soluble resin dissolves green in ammonia, and yellow in potassa (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 1883, p. 194). Action, Medical Uses, and Dosage.—Red clover is an excellent alterative, and one of the few remedies which favorably influences pertussis. In earlier editions of this work it was stated that "a strong infusion of the plant is said to afford prompt relief in whooping-cough, suspending the spasmodic cough entirely in 2 or 3 days; it is to be given in ½ fluid ounce, every 1 or 2 hours, throughout the day." Since then the remedy has come into extensive use, but the statement should be modified, as it does not reach all classes of cases. When the proper case is found it acts promptly, but as yet the specific indications in this complaint have not been discovered. It is also a remedy in other spasmodic coughs, as those of measles, bronchitis, laryngitis, phthisis, etc. It is an excellent internal agent for those individuals disposed to tibial and other forms of ulcers, and it unquestionably retards the growth of carcinomata, and may be freely administered to those of a cancerous diathesis. The extract, spread on linen or soft leather, has long been said to be an excellent remedy for cancerous ulcers. This assertion, however, has not been so well verified as its action in retarding the growths when administered internally for a prolonged period. It is also highly recommended in ill-conditioned ulcers of every kind, and deep, ragged-edged, and otherwise badly-conditioned burns. It possesses a peculiar soothing property, proves an efficient detergent, and promotes a healthful granulation. The infusion (℥i to water Oj) may be used freely; a strong tincture may be prepared from the recently dried flowers (℥viii) in 50 per cent alcohol (Oj) The dose of this will range from 1 to 60 drops; specific trifolium, 1 to 60 drops. Specific Indications and Uses.—Some forms of whooping-cough; irritation of the laryngo-pulmonic passages; provoking spasmodic cough; cough of measles; cancerous diathesis. Pharmaceutical Preparation of Clover.—EXTRACT OF TRIFOLIUM COMPOUND. This preparation is a specialty of the Wm. S. Merrell Chemical Co., of Cincinnati, Ohio. It is a combination of the alterative, tonic, and eliminative properties of the recently expressed juices or extracts from fresh or green plants with potassium iodide. The compound contains the extracts of Trifolium pratense, Stillingia sylvatica, Lappa minor, Phytolacca decandra, Cascara amarga, Berberis aquifolium, Podophyllum peltatum, tincture of Xanthoxylum carolinianum and potassium iodide. It is designed for administration in syphilis, scrofula, chronic rheumatism, glandular and various skin affections.

The Dispensatory of the United States of America, 1918, Edited by Joseph P. Remington, Horatio C. Wood and others. - Rose Hips

Rosa.—Of the genus rosa at least four species have been, and probably to some extent are still, use in medicine—namely, Rosa canina L., Rosa centifolia L., Rosa damascena Mill., and Rosa gallica L. Rosa canina.—The Dog Rose, Wild Brier, or Hip Tree, of Europe, is distinguished by its prickly stem and petioles, and ovate, smooth, rigid leaves. It has white or pale red flowers, having usually five obcordate fragrant petals. The fruit consists of a fleshy, hollow receptacle, bearing on its inner surface a number of hairy achenes. The ripe fruit, which is usually employed in the fresh condition, is ovoid, smooth, shiny and of a reddish color. The summit is crowned with 5-calyx teeth. Rose hips possess a pleasant, sweet, acidulous taste. It was formerly official in the British Pharmacopoeia under the name of Rosae Caninae Fructus. It contains about 30 per cent. of sugar, combined with citric and malic acids, also salts of these acids, and a trace of tannin. It was used for the preparation of an acidulous confection. Vanillin has also been found present in the petals. Rosa centifolia has prickly stems and the leaves consist of two or three pairs of leaflets, with an odd one at the summit, closely attached to the common footstalk, which is rough, but without spines. The leaflets are ovate, broad, serrate, pointed, and hairy on the under surface. The flowers are large, with many petals, generally of a pale red color, and supported upon peduncles beset with short bristly hairs. The varieties of R. centifolia, produced by its almost universal cultivation, are very numerous, but the plant is said to grow with single flowers in the eastern part of the Caucasus. It is very closely allied to R. gallica, some botanists maintaining that the species are really one. The petals, which were recognized by the U. S. P., 1890, as pale rose, are roundish-obovate and refuse, or obcordate, pink, fragrant, sweetish, slightly bitter, and faintly astringent. They contain volatile oil, malic and tartaric acids, tannin, fat, resin, sugar, and a coloring matter which seems to be identical with that of the red rose. They should be collected when the flower is fully expanded but has not begun to fall. Their fragrance is impaired but not lost by drying. They may be preserved for a considerable time by compressing them with alternate layers of common salt in a well-closed vessel, or beating them with twice their weight of that substance. A rose water is often prepared from them by distillation. Rosa damascena is not known in the wild state, and is thought by some botanists to have been produced by cultivation by hybridizing R. gallica with R. canina. It is the rose which is cultivated in Turkey and yields the commercial otto of rose. (See Oleum Rosae, p. 870.) It is a tall shrub with semi-double, light red to white flowers of moderate size, having several on a branch, though not clustered. Its volatile oil is the base of rose water.