Cold Away Powder

The Dispensatory of the United States of America, 1918, Edited by Joseph P. Remington, Horatio C. Wood and others. - Brigham Tea

Ephedra. Ephedra vulgaris Rich. (Fam. Gnetaceae.)—Nagai has extracted from this Japanese plant an alkaloid, ephedrine, which, according to Kinnossuke, produces in the lower animals acceleration of the pulse, with lowering of the blood pressure, elevation of the rectal temperature, dilatation of the pupils, convulsions, and death by arrest of the heart and respiration. (B. K. W., 1887.) Scriba found that a 10 per cent. solution dilates the pupil with certainty, in from forty to sixty minutes, without irritation, the dilatation not being complete, and the accommodation not at all or only slightly affected, and the pupils returning to normal in from five to twenty hours. An alkaloid has also been discovered in Ephedra distachya L., a shrub whose branches and root are used in Siberia as a remedy in gout and syphilis. According to Robert, this alkaloid is essentially different from, ephedrine, in not being mydriatic or poisonous. P. Spehr (A. J. P., 1892, 234) considers that E. vulgaris contains two alkaloids, ephedrine and pseudo-ephedrine, isomeric and of the formula C10H15ON, while E. monostachya contains a crystalline base melting at 112° C. (233.6° F.) and having the formula C13H19ON. This latter, as stated by Kobert, is not mydriatic or poisonous. See paper by E. Schmidt, A. Pharm., cd, 1912, Nos. 2 and 3, 154, 161. According to Gunsberg, pseudo-ephedrine is a powerful mydriatic, its 10 per cent. solution causing in fifteen minutes dilatation of the eye through excitement of the sympathetic nerve. Ephedra nevadensis S. Wats and E. antisyphilitica C. A. Meyer , which grow abundantly in the extreme Western United States, are used under the names of caynote, canutilo, whorehouse tea, as a remedy in gonorrhea. Loew thinks that their virtues reside in a peculiar tannin. Dose, of fluid-extract, from one to two fluidrachms (3.75-7.5 mils). In Texas E. trifurca Torr. is similarly employed.

The Dispensatory of the United States of America, 1918, Edited by Joseph P. Remington, Horatio C. Wood and others. - Elder Leaf

Elder Flowers. Sambucus, N. F. IV. Elder. Sambuci Flores, Br. 1898. Sweet Elder, Black Elderberry. Sureau, Fr. Cod. Fleurs de Sureau, Hollunder, Fliederblumen, G. Sambuco, It. Sauco (Flor de), Sp.—"The air-dried flowers of Sambucus canadensis Linne or of Sambucus nigra Linne (Fam. Caprifoliacece), separated from the peduncles and pedicels." N. F. The common elder, Sambucus nigra, of Europe, differs from the American most obviously in its size, the former approaching in height that of a small tree. The stem is much branched towards the top, and has a rough whitish bark. The leaves are narrower. The flowers are small, whitish and in five-parted cymes. The ovary consists of but three carpels, there being five cells in S. canadensis L. The berries are larger in the European elder, globular, and blackish-purple when ripe. A fungus growing on this plant, called fungus sambuci, has been used as a local application in conjunctivitis. According to Steckel, it is capable of taking up from 9 to 12 times its weight of water. (N. R. Pharm., xiii, 476, 1864.) G. De Sanctis (Gazz. Chim. Ital., 1895, xxv, 1, vol. xlix) obtained coniine from the leaves and stems of Sambucus nigra. The indigenous common elder, Sambucus canadensis, is a shrub from six to ten feet high, with a branching stem, covered with a rough gray bark, and containing a large spongy pith. The small branches and leaf-stalks are very smooth. The leaves are opposite, pinnate, sometimes bipinnate, and composed usually of five to nine oblong-oval, acuminate, smooth, shining, deep-green leaflets; the veins of the under surface are somewhat pubescent. The flowers are small, white, and disposed in loose cymes; the cream-colored corolla is wheel-shaped, with five stamens on the tube. The berries are small, globular, and deep purple when ripe. The shrubs grow in low, moist grounds, along fences, and on the borders of small streams, throughout the United States, from Canada to the Carolinas, and westward as far as Arizona and Texas. It flowers from May to July, and ripens its fruit early in autumn. The flowers were official in the U. S. P., 1890, and Br. Pharm., 1898, and are now recognized by the N. F. IV. They have an aromatic though rather heavy odor. The berries as well as other parts of the plant are employed, in domestic practice, for the same purposes as the corresponding parts of the European elder, to which this species bears a close affinity. They are described by the N. F. as follows: "Small, from 2 to 3 mm. in breadth, shrivelled; calyx superior, five-lobed; corolla cream-colored to brownish-yellow, rotate, flat or slightly campanulate, regularly five-lobed; stamens five inserted at the base of the corolla, and alternating with its lobes, filaments slender, anthers oblong, yellow; pollen ellipsoidal or tetrahedral and rounded, covered with finely punctate markings and having three pores. Odor faintly sweet and aromatic; taste slightly bitter. Sambucus yields not more than 8 per cent. of ash." N. F. The flowers yield their active properties to water by infusion, and when distilled give over a small proportion of volatile oil, which on cooling assumes a butyraceous consistence and contains an appreciable portion of ammonia. The berries are nearly inodorous, but have a sweetish, acidulous taste, dependent on the presence of saccharine matter and malic acid. Their expressed juice is susceptible of fermentation, and forms a vinous liquor used in Northern Europe. It is colored violet by alkalies, and bright red by acids, and the coloring matter is precipitated blue by lead acetate. The inner bark is without odor. Its taste is at first sweetish, afterwards slightly bitter, acrid, and nauseous. Both water and alcohol extract its virtues, which are said to reside especially in the green layer between the liber and the epidermis. According to Simon, the active principle of the inner bark of the root is a soft resin, which may be obtained by exhausting the powdered bark with alcohol, filtering the tincture, evaporating to the consistence of syrup, then adding ether, which dissolves the active matter, and finally evaporating to the consistence of a thick extract. Of this, twenty grains produce brisk vomiting and purging. (Ann. Ph. Ch., xxxi, 262.) The bark, analyzed by Kramer, yielded an acid called by him viburnic acid (which has proved to be identical with valeric acid), traces of volatile oil, albumen, resin, fat, wax, chlorophyll, tannic acid, grape sugar, gum, extractive, starch, pectin, and various alkaline and earthy salts. (Chem. Gas., May, 1846; from A. Pharm.) C. G. Traub found in the bark valeric acid, volatile oil, fat, resin, tannin, sugar, and coloring matter. (A. J. P., 1881, p. 392.) J. B. Metzgar made a partial examination of the fruit and found sugar, gum, tannin, fat, and a resinous body. (A. J. P., 1881, p. 553.) It was also examined by F. F. Lyons (A. J. P., 1892, p. 1), who found 0.5 per cent. of a volatile oil, an amorphous yellow compound of a glucosidal character, and a tannin. The volatile oil of elder flowers was examined by W. J. Bush & Co. (C. D., 1897, 53.) It has the sp. gr. 0.827, and is solid at ordinary temperatures like oil of rose. The liquid portion possesses the fragrance of fresh elder blossoms. The flowers are gently excitant and sudorific, but are seldom used. The berries are diaphoretic and aperient, and their inspissated juice has been used as an alterative in rheumatism and syphilis in doses of from one to two drachms (3.9-7.7 Gm.); also as a laxative in doses of half an ounce (15.5 Gm.) or more. The inner bark is a hydragogue cathartic, and in large doses emetic. It has been employed in dropsy, epilepsy, and as an alterative in various chronic diseases. An ounce may be boiled with two pints of water to a pint, and four fluidounces (118 mils) given for a dose. It is also used in vinous infusion. The leaves are not without activity, and the young leaf-buds are said to be a violent and even unsafe purgative. The juice of the root has been highly recommended in dropsy as a hydragogue cathartic, sometimes acting as an emetic, in the dose of a tablespoonful, repeated pro re nata. The fruits of the California species S. glauca and S. racemosa are said to be used as food by the Indians. According to Combemale, confirmed by Lemoine, the aqueous solution of the European elder, S. nigra, is a very active diuretic, also causing in the lower animals, when given in sufficient amount, a pronounced fall of temperature, pulse, and respiration. It was found very useful in cardiac and renal dropsies. The drug itself sometimes caused vomiting and purging, but this effect never followed the use of the decoction. Elder-flower water was official in the Br., 1898, and was made by distilling one-fifth of the volume from a mixture of 10 pounds (Imperial) or 500.0 Gm. of fresh elder flowers, and 5 gallons (Imp. meas.) or 25 liters of water. In the N. F. they are an ingredient in compound fluidextract of stillingia and laxative species. Dose, from one to two drachms (3.9-7.7 Gm.); as a laxative, half an ounce (15.5 Gm.) or more.

A Manual Materia Medica Pharmacology. Comprising All Organic And Iinorganic Drugs Which Are Or Have Been Official In The United States Pharmacopia by David M. K. Culbreth, Pn.G., M.D. 1917 - Peppermint

MEXTHA PIPERITA. PEPPERMINT. L*™tha Piperita'}The dried leaves and flowering tops. Habitat. Asia, Europe, X. America; wild in low ground, wet places; cultivated in Japan, Germany, England, Michigan, New York, etc. Syn. Menth. Pip., Brandy (Lamb) Mint, Lammint, Herba Menthse Piperita:; Fr. Menthe poivree; Ger. Folia Menthae piperitae, Pfefferminzblatter. Pi-pe-ri'ta. L. piper, pepper—peppery-mint—i. e., from its aromatic burning taste. Pep'permint—pepper + mint—i. e., mint with pepper properties. PLANT.—Perennial herb, possibly from M. hirsu'ta, Water Mint, by cultivation; rootstock creeping, producing long suckers by which it multiplies; stem square, purplish, .6-1.3 M. 2-4°) high. LEAVES, ovate-oblong, 1-9 Cm. (f-3f) long, petiole 4-15 Mm. (£-£-') long, pubescent, acute, sharply serrate, light green, purplish-brown, upper surface nearly glabrous, lower surface glandular, hairy, especially on veins; more or less crumpled and frequently detached from stems, which are quadrangular, 1-2 Mm. (-y^-iV) thick, glabrous except for a few scattered deflexed hairs; flower-whorls in oblong (oval) spikes which are usually compact, or somewhat interrupted at base, 1-1.5 Cm. (f-f) broad, rounded at summit, and in fruit 3-7 Cm. (15-25') long; bracts oblong-lanceolate, very acuminate, 7 Mm. (£') long, calyx tubular, equally 5-toothed, pubes cent, glandular-punctate, often dark purplish; corolla tubnlar-campamilate, 4-cleft, 3 Mm. (5') long, often light purple; stamens 4, short; nutlets ellipsoidal, .5 Mm. (-V) thick, blackish- brown; odor aromatic, characteristic; taste aro matic, pungent, followed by cooling sensation in the mouth. POWDER, greenish; micro scopically—fragments with subglobular, shortly and stoutly stalked oil-glands, hairs having menthol crystals in one or more of the cells. Should be collected in dry weather, Aug.-Sept., when in bloom; strongest and most pungent of all mints. Solvents: alcohol; water par tially. Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.—Leaves chiefly of varieties of this species: (a) var. afficina'Iis—leaves narrower, spikes longer; (b) var. vulga'ris— leaves broader, base more rounded, spikes more blunt and close; spearmint leaves, which may readily be distinguished from pepper mint which has leaves with petioles, inflorescence thicker and more crowded, flowers larger with shorter calyx-teeth, and its own distinc tive odor and taste. Commercial.—English is regarded best, Japanese is consumed chiefly for obtaining menthol (50-80 p. c.), while the United States produces most. FIG. 339.—Mtntha piperita: flowering tops. 510 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM CONSTITUENTS. —Volatile oil 1 p. c. (menthol), resin, tannin, gum, chlorophyll. Oleum Menthse Piperitse. Oil of Peppermint, official.—(Syn., Ol. Menth. Pip., Peppermint Oil; Fr. Essence constituents: at least 5 p. c. of esters, calculated as menthyl acetate, CmH,^!!.^, and 50 p. c. of total menthol, free and as esters; also acetic and isovaleric acids, acetaldehyde, isovaleric aldehyde, amyl alcohol, pinene, phellandrene, limonene, r]0Hi6, menthone, C10IIi8O, menthyl isovalerate, menthyl ester, cadinene, CiJIjj, a lactone, dimethyl sulphide; the hydrocarbons holding menthol dissolved are mainly the several Fio. 340.—Mentha piperita: flower and corolla cut open; magnified 8 diam. terpenes (English—pinene, phellandrene, sesquiterpene; Japanese —sesquiterpene alone) with carvene odor, the higher boiling ones, CisH24, having less pleasant odor; menthol and its esters (first 2 con stituents) are most important, the others occurring in small quantities, being objectionable for flavoring and removed by rectification with steam. Tests: 1. Distil oil 25 Ml. (Cc.), collect the first 1 Ml. (Cc.) and pour it on 5 Ml. (Cc.) of mercuric chloride T. $.•—no white film at zone of contact in 1 minute (abs. of dimethyl sulphide, found in non-rectified oils). Should be kept cool, dark, in well-stoppered, amber-colored bottles. Dose, THj-5 (.06-.3 Ml. (Cc.)). ADULTERATIONS.—Oil of erigeron, castor oil, oil of turpentine, oil of copaiba, oil of camphor, oil of sassafras, alcohol; the first, second, and third prevent its solubility in equal volume of alcohol (SO p. c.) ; the fourth gives buttery mass with sulphuric acid; oils of turpentine, cam phor, and sassafras each render its action with iodine more violent, the two latter being red with nitric acid; dementholized oil (lower sp. gr.). Menthol. Menthol, C10PIuOH, official.—(Syn., Pipmenthol, Pepper mint Camphor; Er. AIcool Mentholique, Menthol Gauche, Camphre de Menthe; Ger. Mcntliolum, Pfefferminzkampfer, Mentha-kampfer.) MENTHA P1PERITA—PEPPERMINT 511 LABIAT/E This is a secondary alcohol (stearoptene), obtained from oil of pepper mint or other mint oils (Japanese and Chinese oil of peppermint— M. arven'sis var. pipcras'cens, M. canaden'sis var. ylabra'ta). It is obtained by subjecting the volatile oil simply to refrigeration at —22:2° C. (—8° F.), by means of ice and salt; when solidified the temperature is allowed to rise gradually, the liquid portion poured off from time to time, and the crystals deprived of oil by expression; may purify by recrystallization. It is in colorless, acicular or prismatic crystals, strong odor and taste of peppermint, with a sensation of warmth fol lowed by cold upon drawing air into the mouth; soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, petroleum benzin, liquid petrolatum, fixed or volatile oils, slightly in water; alcoholic solution neutral, Uevorotatory; melts at 43° C. (110° F.); triturated with an equal weight of either camphor, phenol, thymol, or hydrated chloral—mixture becomes liquid; distilled Wlth.PjOj yields menthene, Chilis, a colorless liquid of pleasant odor. Tests: 1. Heat 2 Gm. in open dish—gradually volatilizes with residue .05 Gm. (abs. of wax, paraffin, organic sub stances). 2. Few crystals dissolved in glacial acetic acid 1 Ml. (Cc.), + sulphuric acid 3 drops and nitric acid 1 drop—not green (abs. of thymol). Impurities: Wax, paraffin, thymol, magnesium sulphate, inorganic substances. Should be kept cool, in well-closed containers. Dose, gr. 1-2 (.06-.13 Gm.). PREPARATIONS.—I. LEAVES AND TOPS: 1. Spiritus Menthas Piperitce. Spirit, of Peppermint. (Syn., Sp. Menth. Pip., Essence of Peppermint; Fr. Alcoolat (Essence) de Menthe poivree; Ger. (Englische) Pfefferminz (-essenz)-spiritus.) Manufacture: Macerate for 1 hour peppermint leaves 1 Gm. in 50 Ml. (Cc.) of water, strongly express; mix oil of peppermint 10 Ml. (Cc.) in alcohol 80 Ml. (Cc.), add macerated leaves, and alcohol q. s. 100 Ml. (Cc.), macerate mixture for 6 hours, frequently shaking, filter. Should he kept in amber-colored bottles. Dose, TH.x-30 (.0-2 Ml. (Cc.)). II. OIL: 1. Aqua• Menthas Pipcritcr. Peppermint Water. (Syn., Aq. Menth. Pip.; Fr. Eau de Menthe poivree; Ger. Pfett'erminzwasser.) Manufacture: p. c. Similar to Aquse Aromatica>; triturate oil .2 Ml. (Cc.) with purified talc 1.5 Gm., recently boiled distilled water q. s. 100 Ml. (Cc.), filter until clear. Dose, 5ss-l (15-30 Ml. (Cc.)). 2. Spiritus Menthol Piperitcp. Spirit of Peppermint, 10 p. c. Dose, Hlx-30 (.(5-2 Ml. (Cc.)). See above. 3. Pilulce Rhei Composites, ttl TV (.005 Ml. (Cc.)) in each pill. Unoff. Preps.: LEAVES AND TOPS: Fluidextract, dose, 3j~2 (4-8 Ml. (Cc.)). Infusion, 5 p. c., dose 5j-2 (30-60 Ml. (Cc.)). Syrup, dose, 5H (4-15 Ml. (Cc.)). Troche (each contains oil m }; .009 Ml. (Cc.)). MENTHOL: Camphorated, menthol and camphor each 47.5, alcohol 5. Inunction, 5 p. c., + hydrous wool fat 95. Compound Inunction, 5 p. c., + methyl salicylate 10, hydrous wool fat 85. PetroxoKn, 17 p. c., + liquid petroxolin 83. Spray (Nebula), 2 p. c., + light liquid petrolatum q. s. 100. Compound Spray, 1 p. c., + cam phor 1, methyl salicylate .5. eucalyptol .2, oil of cinnamon .2, light 512 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM liquid petrolatum q. s. 100. Emplastrum Menthol (Br.), 15 p. c., + yellow wax 10, rosin 75. PROPERTIES.—Carminative, stimulant, nervine, antispasmodic. USES.—Spasmodic stomach and bowel pains, flatulency, nausea, cholera morhus, diarrhcra, dysentery, colic, dysmenorrhn-a, nervous headache, hiccough, heart palpitation, vomiting, as a flavoring agent; externally the oil and menthol for rheumatism, neuralgia, toothache, antibacterial.

The 1841 Thompsonian Materia Medica by Samuel Thompson - Yarrow

Yarrow is a perennial herb, common to Europe and Ameri ca, growing along fences, on the borders of woods, in old fields and in highways. It is from twelve to eighteen inches high, and is known by its doubly pinnate, divided leaves. Its flow ers appear from June to September. The flowers and leaves, which are used as medicine, have an agreeable, aromatic odor, and a bitterish, astringent, pungent taste. The plant owes its valuable properties to a volatile oil, which may be separated by distillation, and has the flavor of millfoil in a great degree. The active principles can be extracted by water or alcohol. The properties of the herb are astringent, tonic, and aromatic. It has been used in intermittents, and as an antispasmodic in colic, and various nervous affections. It may be used in decoction. The oil may be given in doses of from five to ten drops. Medical uses.—The flowers may be simmered in lard or fresh butter, with equal quantities of green ozier, lovage seeds, and prickly ash bark, first being bruised in a mortar. Strain and press out all the ointment, and you have a valuable remedy for piles, either internal or external. For internal application, melt it and apply it with the tip of a goose quill. It is good for all kinds of inflammatory sores, sore eyes, salt rheum, and cracked hands. Internally, yarrow is useful in nervous affections, colic, and intermit tent fevers; externally, for all kinds of inflammatory sores, salt-rheum, cracked hands and piles.