Circulatory Support Tincture

The Eclectic Materia Medica, Pharmacology and Therapeutics Written by Harvey Wickes Felter, M.D. 1922 - Hawthorn

Botanical name: Crataegus Crataegus laevigata The ripe fruit and bark of (1) Crataegus Oxyacantha, Linné, and (2) other species of Crataegus. (Nat. Ord. Rosaceae) 1. England and other parts of Europe and in Central and Northern Asia; 2. America. Common Names: (1) English Hawthorn, May; (2) Haw, Red Haw, Hawthorn, Thorn. Principal Constituents.—The fresh bark contains a water soluble, crystallizable, bitter body little soluble in alcohol. The flowers of the English hawthorn contain trimethylamine (N[CH3]3), a circulatory depressant. Preparation.—Specific Medicine Crataegus. Dose, 5 to 60 drops. Specific Indications.—Tentatively the indications for crataegus may be stated thus: Cardiac weakness, with valvular murmurs, sighing respiration, or other difficult breathing, especially when associated with nerve depression or neurasthenia; mitral regurgitation, with valvular insufficiency; cardiac pain; praecordial oppression; dyspnea; rapid and feeble heart action; marked anemia, associated with heart irregularity; cardiac hypertrophy; and heart-strain, due to over-exertion or accompanying nervous explosions. Action and Therapy.—The bark, fruit and leaves of several species of the genus Crataegus have in the past been used as astringents and tonics. Though a well-known wild shrub of thickets and commonly cultivated hedge and ornamental plant, the English hawthorn seems to have largely escaped the exact investigators of medicinal plants until a quite recent date. In fact, crataegus is one of the most recently introduced medicinal agents of plant origin. Furthermore, it is distinctive in occupying almost wholly a position in cardiac therapy, though recognized to some extent as a general tonic. Investigators are divided as to its activity, some claiming it only as a functional remedy, while others go so far as to claim it curative of many heart irregularities, even in the presence of an actual organic disease of that organ. Among the conditions in which crataegus is accredited with good work are angina pectoris, endocarditis, myocarditis, and pericarditis, valvular incompetency with or without enlargement of the rings, rheumatism of the heart, dropsy depending on heart disorders, neuralgia of the heart, tachycardia, and in atheromatous conditions of the vessels. The exact indications are as yet none too well determined, enthusiastic admirers of the drug having unwittingly overestimated its power. There is no doubt, however, of its value in many of the conditions mentioned, especially the functional types; and there can be no question as to its value as a tonic to the heart-muscle. It is not poisonous, has no cumulative effect, and apparently from reports of a large number now using it, may be useful to control many of the symptomatic results depending upon a badly functionating or tired heart. Crataegus has been suggested to rest that organ and thereby guard against arteriosclerosis. It is a new remedy still on trial; and as yet with no rational explanation of its reputed powers. The smaller doses are suggested as more likely to succeed than full doses.

Translated from German - Textbook of Biological Remedies, 1938, was written by Dr. Gerhard Madaus - Linden

Origin of the name: Tilia is the name of the linden tree at Columella, Plinius, Virgil and others, perhaps related to the Greek πτελ_α (ptelea) = elm or τ_λος (tilos) = bast. The German name Linde is said to be with "linseed" (Latin linum) of a strain because of the same use of the bast of the two plants. Popular names: dialect names are: Linn (Low German), Lönn, Leng (Bergisch), Lingeboom (Lower Rhine), Lin (Hunsrück), Lingen (Gotha), Len (Lorraine). On the Swabian Alb, T. cordata and T. platyphyllos are called Waechlind ("soft lime tree" as opposed to "stone lime tree" = Ulmus campestris) and tame lime tree. In the canton of St. Gallen, T. platyphyllos is called Bastholz. Botanical: The two linden species are stately trees with spread branches. The alternate, asymmetrical leaves are petiolate, heart-shaped, pointed and serrated. The flowers form drooping umbels. The stalk of the inflorescence bears a tongue-shaped, almost parchment-like, grown greenish or yellowish-white bract that serves as a leaflet for the fruit. The fragrant flowers have a five-petaled goblet, five crown leaves, numerous stamens and a single-sided ovary, from which a leathery nut develops. The flowers contain a strongly fragrant essential oil, of which a lot evaporates when the flowers dry, and which completely disappears after about a year. The drug should therefore only be used within this time. The small-leaved lime grows to a height of 18-24 m. It reaches this height at the age of 150-180 years. While the height growth then stops, the thickness growth can continue. The tree has bare leaves on both sides that are rust-red in the corners of the nerves. The umbels have five to nine flowers. Flowering period: June to July. C. Linkola calls the small- leaved lime man-fleeing. It prefers to inhabit good, mineral-rich soils that contain little raw humus and dry out well in summer. It is neither limestone nor limestone, but contains 62% CaO in the bark and 75% in wood. The flowers contain sulfur. It appears to be particularly resistant to sand ingestion. H. Preuss found linden trees buried to the crown in East Prussia, which were still lush. The large-leaved lime tree is 30 m high. We find them planted many times as village linden trees, as well as park and avenue trees. It has larger, hairy leaves underneath , which are whitish in the corners of the nerves. The inflorescences contain only two to five flowers. The leaf often extends down to the base of the stem. The flowering period is about 14 days earlier than that of the lime tree. The nuts are larger than this one and have five strong longitudinal ribs. The distribution area of ​​the winter lime covers almost all of Europe. It is the only linden species in the northern part of this area. The large-leaved lime is more common in the southern half of Europe. Historical and general: The medicinal use of the linden flowers seems to have been unknown in antiquity. Theophrast gives a description of the linden tree (perhaps Tilia argentea) under the name "Philyra". In Dioskurides it is not mentioned, however, speak Pliny and Galen from its healing power. The bark was used against leprosy, the leaves for mouth ulcers and swelling of the feet, the sap of the tree for hair loss, etc. The bark and even the wood of the linden tree were used by the old doctors for splints and other aids for broken bones. The curved Antonius Pius,to whom the Roman Senate had Colonna Antonia built. - Even in the Middle Ages, the flowers are not yet mentioned as a remedy. The use of linden blossom tea only occurs in later times, when a conserva and a spiritus florum Tiliae were also kept in stock. - The linden tree, which was dedicated to Frau Holle, was considered a sacred tree to the old Teutons and Slavs, under which the judgment of his office ruled. The use of linden bast for making knitting, wickerwork, etc. can already be found in the oldest Europe. effect Lonicerus (Lonicerus, Kreuterbuch, 1564, p. 96 D.) and Bock (Bock, Kreutterbuch, 1565, p. 407.) do not yet know the healing effects of linden flowers, but only use the "Vasser von Linden burned" against colic and intestinal consumption after red dysentery and epilepsy, the charcoal of linden wood (= Carbo tiliae) against blood spew and clotted blood, the mucus from the linden bast in case of burns. Matthiolus (Matthiolus, New-Kreuterbuch, 1626, p. 50.) adds that the leaves have a diuretic and emmenagogic effect, have an external antispasmodic and tumor-dividing effect, but the blossom juice is used as a cosmetic. As a pain relieving, dividing and main strengthening remedy, against dizziness, blow flows and gouty states describes v. Haller (v. Haller, Medicin. Lexicon, 1755, p. 1286.) the linden flowers, as an antiepileptic and agent for stimulating transpiration Osiander (Osiander, Volksarzneymittel, p. 131, 198, 485, 511.). According to Pastor Kneipp (Kneipp, The Great Kneipp Book, p. 945, Munich 1935.), the linden blossom tea is also "effective for old coughs, for congestion of the lungs and trachea, for abdominal discomfort that originates from the congestion of the kidney". In today's folk medicine (Schulz, Wirkg. U. Appl. D.d. Medicinal Pl., P. 200.) the flowers are used as a diaphoretic. About the use in Russian folk medicine A. v. Henrici (AA by Henrici, in Historical Studies from the Pharm. Inst. Of the Univ. Dorpat, edited by Kobert, 1894, Vol. IV, p. 43.) the following compilation: "In Little Russia, linden flowers are used for coughing (M. Bulgakow, Medicinal-topographical description of the Chernigov, Gordnja and Sossnitza districts. Milit.-Medic. Journ. 1827, Part IX, No. 2, p. 277) a limb wounded by a shot after removal of the bullet with linden bark boiled in milk or with the skin of a billy billy goat or sheep ( Reinhardt,on the nature of the diseases in Grusinia and the use of national funds. Milit.-Medic. Journ. 1834, Part XXIV, No. 2, p. 321). - The inflammation of the eyes of newborns is treated by the Russian people with a remedy prepared as follows: fresh branches of linden are removed, the outer dark bark is removed from them, and the layer of whitish bark underneath is scraped down to the wood substance; a quart of cold, pure water is added to a handful of this scraped-off bark and the mixture is beaten until it turns into a protein-like foam, which then, used externally on a rag, serves the people to treat the inflammation mentioned (Drug sdrawija, magazine, published by Grum, 1837, No. 39, p. 300).Nassilow, Medic. topographical news about Rybinsk district. Journ. d. Minist. d. Innern, 1852, Book 11, p. 241). - Also Krebel, folk medicine and folk remedies of different races of Russia. Sketches, Leipzig and Heidelberg 1858, p. 161) mentions these two oils as used against dental caries. - Romanowsky mentions Tilia parviflora among the folk remedies for cholera and gastrointestinal diseases: the infus of flowers from this tree is said to be used as tea mainly against cramps ( Wratsch, Medic. Zeitschrift 1885, No. 23). " Leclerc (H. Leclerc, Précis de Phytothérapie, p. 187, Paris 1927.) counts the linden flowers among the antispasmodics and considers their use in nervous conditions, even after mental or physical exertion, not to be unjustified. Contrary to the assumption of some pharmacologists that the use of sweat-inducing drugs is the only effective way of supplying heat through the hot water, Wiechowski (Wiechowski, Med. Klinik 1926, No. 22; 1927, No. 16, p. 590.) conducted experiments notes that Flores Tiliae and Sambuci have a specific diaphoretic effect. According to him, Tilia contains certain diaphoretic glycosides that have not yet been studied chemically. These do not act directly on the sweat glands, but sensitize them to stimulus attacks that originate from sympathetic nerves. Wiechowski is based on observations on humans and animals. The active ingredients are an essential oil and diaphoretic glycosides (Wasicky, Lehrb. D. Physiopharm., P. 562.). Leupin (K. Leupin, Pharm. Acta Helvetica 1933, No. 4.) also detected a saponin in the linden flowers that is toxic to fish. A methanol extract of the fresh linden leaves had a weaker antiseptic effect on Proteus bacteria than a methanol extract from autumn leaves. Aqueous extracts also showed the same difference (according to our own investigations). H. Kaiser and K. Eggensperger (H. Kaiser and K. Eggensperger, H. Kaiser and K. Eggensperger, Süddeutsche Apoth.-Ztg. 1929, No. 60) point to the frequently occurring falsifications of the official linden flowers of Tilia cordata and Tilia platyphyllos by Tilia tomentosa or Tilia americana . ) there. The latter types provide an infusion of disgustingly sweet taste that leaves an unpleasant, itchy feeling on the palate. In the literature there are also listed as ingredients (Kroeber, Das neuzeitl. Krauterbuch, 1934, p. 230.) slime, wax, fat, tannin, sugar, hesperidin. Use in folk medicine outside the German Empire (according to personal messages): Denmark: As a diaphoretic for lung diseases. Poland: As a diaphoretic. Norway: A porridge made from the bark as a wound healing agent. Hungary: Urinary and menstrual, against intestinal disturbance, colic, cramps and burns. Application in practice based on literature and a question: Flores Tiliae are a skin drainage agent that is particularly useful for people with poor sweat secretion or for people who sweat hard. Schematic representation of the frequency of use of: ** missing image ** They are given as a diaphoretic for febrile affections (especially flu) and colds such as runny nose, cough, respiratory tract mucus, bronchitis, sore throat (after Kraft , Pfeddersheim, especially for angina in small children), rheumatic pain, rheumatic neuritis and sciatica. Ryszkiewicz, Rottweil, who also names Tilia as a skin stimulant and diaphoretic, warns against long-term use, as this will damage the heart. The linden flowers are also mentioned as a diuretic for affections of the urinary organs (renal mucus, semolina), as a stomach medicine, against cramps, neurasthenia and chlorosis (here, too, the leaves together with Bellis perennis). Lime charcoal (carbo tiliae) is recommended for phthisis pulmonum, haemoptysis, jaundice, biliary and liver diseases, hyperacidity and carcinoma. Tilia is used locally for compresses for eye diseases and as an ointment for wounds that are difficult to heal. Applied plant part: The herb books of the 16th century do not yet know the use of linden flowers , but there are reports from v. Haller and Geiger of it. The latter mentions that the leaves and inner bark had previously been used medicinally. Osiander uses flowers and the inner bark of the branches. Schulz mentions the linden blossom tea . Wasicky's statements also refer to the flowers . Likewise, Thoms and Hager only list the flowers . The HAB. prescribes the fresh flowers (§ 3). The linden flowers must be in the DAB. meet the requirements. The "teep" is also made from fresh linden flowers . Collection time: June. Flores Tiliae are official in all states except England and the United States.

Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World, 1919, was edited by U. P. Hedrick. - Ginko

Botanical name: Ginkgo biloba Ginkgo biloba Linn. Coniferae. Ginko. Maiden-Hair Tree. China and Japan. The fruit of the ginko is sold in the markets in all Chinese towns and is not unlike dried almonds, only whiter, fuller and more round. The natives seem very fond of it, although it is rarely eaten by Europeans. In Japan, the seeds furnish an oil used for eating and burning. The fruit of the maiden-hair tree is called in China pa-kwo. The Chinese consume the nuts of this tree at weddings, the shells being dyed red; they have a fishy taste. This tree is largely cultivated as an ornamental in Europe, Asia and North America.

A Manual Materia Medica Pharmacology. Comprising All Organic And Inorganic Drugs Which Are Or Have Been Official In The United States Pharmacopia by David M. K. Culbreth, Pn.G., M.D., 1917 - Valerian

Cerebral Excitants, Stimulants, Antispasmodics (L. stimulare, stimulus, to urge, stimulate, a goad, excitant; Gr. avri, against, + airaa/ios, a spasm).—These increase the functional activity of the brain without causing subsequent depression or suspension of the cere bral functions: valerian, asafetida, sumbul, musk, camphor, guarana, caffeine (theine), alcohol.VALERIAXA. VALERIAN. officinalis'}The dried rhizome and roots. Habitat. Europe, N. Asia, in moist as well as dry localities, banks of streams; naturalized in New England and New York; cultivated. Syn. Valer., Wild, Great Wild, English, German, Common, Cat's, Vermont or American-English Valerian, Setwall, Vandal Root, All Heal, Radix Valeriana; Minoris; Br. Valeriana; Rhizoma; Fr. Valeriane officinale, Racine de Valerianc; Ger. Radix Valeriana;, Baldrian, (Wilde) Baldrianwurzel. Va-le-ri-a'na. L. see etymology, page 578, of Valerianacese. Of-fi-ci-na'lis. L. see etymology of (Asagrcea) officinalis, page 102. PLANT.—Large perennial herb; stem .(i-1.3 M. (2-4°) high, branched at top, cylindrical, hollow, fluted and channeled, often hairy; leaves imparipinnate with long clasping petioles; leaflets 4—10 pairs, 2.5-6.5 Cm. (1-2J') long, lanceolate, dentate; flowers small, white or rose color, agreeably odorous, terminal corymbs, corolla 5-lobed, stamens 3, sessile; fruit, capsule, 4 Mm. (£') long, plano-convex, compressed, 4-ribbed, pale brown, 1-seeded, oblong-ovate. RHIZOME, upright, FIG. 398.—Valeriana officinalis. 2-4 Cm. ($-lf) long, 1-2 Cm. f-f) thick, usually cut longitudinally into 2-4 pieces, yellowish-brown, upper portion with stem-bases, frequently with a short, horizontal branch or stolon, from outer surface numerous, slender, brittle roots; fracture short, horny; internally light brown with a thick bark and narrow, central cylinder; odor pronounced, of valeric acid, stronger upon aging; taste sweetish, camphoraceous, somewhat bitter. POWDER, grayish-brown; micro scopically—numerous starch grains, .003-.02 Mm. (g^g-iaW) broad, trachea] fragments, sclerenchymatous fibres, occasional fragments of epidermis with root hairs and fragments of cork. Solvents: water; alcohol. Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.—Rhizome and roots of I'. Phil, V. dioi'ca, Cynan'- chinn Vincetox'iciim, Veratrum album, Si'um latifo'lmm, Scabio'sa »ucci'sa, and S. arven'sis, also several ranunculaceous roots. 580 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM Commercial.—Valerian flourishes equally well in damp woods, meadows, and dry places, affording a variability in characteristics that has suggested four varieties, all, however, being one and the same and yielding identical constituents; it is cultivated in England (best), Germany, Holland, United States (New Hampshire, Vermont, New York), very little of the wild grown, although stronger and smaller, being utilized. Rhizome is collected in the spring before stem begins to shoot, or preferably in autumn, when leaves decay, from dry soil plants, and at first is without specific odor; tops are cut off in the spring to prevent seeding and thereby strengthen the rhizome, which must be dug carefully, washed, dried (entire or split) in kilns, packed tightly, and kept dry to prevent deterioration. CONSTITUENTS.—Volatile oil .5-3 p. c., Valeric acid, formic, acetic, malic acids, chatinine, tannin, resin, starch, mucilage, sugar, ash 15-20 p. c. (largely Mn.). FIG. 399.—Valerians officinalis: rhizome, roots, and rootlets. Volatile Oil. (Oleum Valerianse, official 1880-1890.) —This is obtained by distilling with water; it is a pale green liquid, pungent valerian odor, aromatic taste, sp. gr. 0.945, yellow and viscid on expos ure, bevorotatory; contains: 1, a terpene—borneene, CinIIi6, boiling at 157° C. (315° F.); 2, an alcohol—borneol (liquid, and solid crystal line compound), CmHisO, with the liquid portion chromic acid yields camphor along with formic, acetic, and valeric acids, these latter being likewise present in old rhi/omes from slow oxidation of this CioHihO; 3, an ether—borneol, or borneol oxide, (CioH^O, greenish syrupy oil, but colorless when rectified, along with formic, acetic, and valeric esters, which, by oxidation, form their respective acids. Recent VALERIANA—VALERIAN 581 VALERIANACE^E investigators claim these components to he pinene, camphene, borneol, and the formic, acetic, and isovaleric esters of borneol. Dose, TTlj f> (.00-.3 Ml. (Cc.)). Valeric (Valerianic) Acid.—Acidum Valer(ian)icum, C5Hi0()2, official 1870-18SO. Not in fresh rhizome, hut results from oxidation of the volatile oil on exposure—a change helieved dependent largely upon presence of manganese; however, this is ohtained mostly by oxidizing amyl alcohol with sulphuric acid and potassium dichromate. It is an oily liquid, volatile, with characteristic odor, salts sweet-tasted. FIG. 400.—Valerians: longitudinal and transverse sections. PREPARATIONS.—1. Tinctura Valerianas. Tincture of Valerian. (Syn., Tr. Valer.; Fr. Teinture de Valeriane; Ger. Baldriantinktur.) Manufacture: 20 p. c. Similar to Tinctura Veratri Viridis, page 101; menstruum: 75 p. c. alcohol. Dose, 3ss-2 (2-8 Ml. (Cc.)). 2. Tinctura Valeriance Ammoniata. Ammoniated Tincture of Valerian. (Syn., Tr. Valer. Ammon., Tinctura Valerianse Composita; Fr. Teinture de Valeriane ammoniacale; Ger. Ammoniakalische Baldriantinktur.) Manufacture: 20 p. c. Similar to Tinctura Veratri Viridis, page 101; menstruum: aromatic spirit of ammonia. Dose, 3ss-2 (2-8 Ml. (Cc.)). Unoff. Preps.: Abstract, dose, gr. 5-20 (.3-1.3 Gm.). Extract, dose, gr. 5-10 (.3-6 Gm.). Fluidextrad (alcohol 80 p. c.), dose, TTlxv-60 (1-4 Ml. (Cc.)). Infusion, dose, 5J-2 (30-60 Ml. (Cc.)). Syrup. Water (Aqua). PROPERTIES.—Similar to other drugs having a volatile oil. Stimu-. lant, anodyne, nervine, antispasmodic, vermifuge, no narcotic effect; increases heart action and temperature, causing exhilaration, stimu lates circulation, secretion, and peristalsis of the stomach and intes tines; it is eliminated by kidneys, bronchial and genito-urinary mucous membranes; if used continuously, may produce melancholia, hysteria. Large doses cause nausea, diarrho?a, urination, delirium, lessen motility, sensibility, and reflex excitability; the oil paralyzes the brain, spine, slows pulse, lowers blood-pressure. USES.—Hysteria, hypochondriasis, hemicrania, nervous coughs, whooping-cough, diabetes, delirium tremens, typhoid state, dysmenor- rhoea, vertigo, epilepsy, worm convulsions, flatulence, reflex neuralgia. 582 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM

The Family Herbal, 1812, was written by John Hill. - Cayenne

Botanical name: Capsicum annuum Capsicum. Also see: Black Pepper - White Pepper - Long Pepper - Jamaica Pepper - Guinea Pepper. A common plant in our gardens, distinguished by its large scarlet pods. It grows a foot and a half high. The stalk is angulated, thick, and green, tolerably erect, and branched. The leaves stand irregularly, and are longish, pretty broad, and of a deep green colour. The flowers are moderately large and white, with a yellow head in the middle: they grow at the divisions of the branches. The fruit follows, and is an inch and a half long, an inch thick, and biggest at the base, whence it grows smaller to the point: the colour is a fine red, and its surface is so smooth, that it looks like polished coral: it is a skin containing a quantity of seeds. The fruit is the part used. Held in the mouth it cures the tooth-ach; for its heat and acrimony are greater than in pellitory of Spain, and it fills the mouth with water. Applied externally, bruised and mixed with honey and crumbled bread it is good for a quinsy.